Counterfeiting and End-User Liability - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1597 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Counterfeiting and End-User Liability Counterfeiting case-laws 4. Counterfeiting case-laws 4.1 General introduction Counterfeiting cases keep on mounting everywhere on earth, except those countries that have understood that only by disrupting demand will they be able to deter this illegal trade. No lawsuit has yet been tried against end-purchasers of counterfeits; reason being that those found liable are mostly punished by fines imposed by relevant authorities and they do not really contest their punishment in courts, knowing that they have done an unlawful act. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Counterfeiting and End-User Liability" essay for you Create order In the following cases, which have been brought mostly against manufacturers, distributors and sellers of fake products, it will be shown how courts still take consumers as victims of counterfeiting. However, a French case will argue that consumers of today do not buy fake items out of confusion and ignorance but are rather willing to choose the imitations. The EBay landmark cases will be discussed as well as two Mauritian cases on the Ralph Lauren dilemma. Non-Mauritian Cases 4.2.1 Definition of counterfeit goods NOKIA CORPORATION v REVENUE CUSTOMS[1] This High Court of Justice case defined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“counterfeit goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as the bearing of a sort of symbol which is similar or essentially identical to the registered mark and it must be used on products of the same kind as those protected genuine goods. This definition comprises of but is not limited to fakes. It also covers the use of the registered mark on the same type of goods even if the right holder is not utilising the mark on those goods himself. Confusion element R v JOHNSTONE[2] The House of Lords says that confusion is not an ample element to describe a counterfeit product. The genuine products should have been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“photocopiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to such an extent rendering the fake item identical or even undistinguishable from the protected goods. It is only like this that confusion can be created. COLGATEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"PALMOLIVE COMPANY v J.M.D. ALLà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"STAR IMPORT AND EXPORT, INC[3] The United States Court held that marks which are alike to the protected mark but are different by two or more letters cannot be deemed as counterfeit. On the other hand, marks that are identical to the registered mark as it appears in the marketplace have been held to be counterfeit. This case demonstrates that adding or even removing one or more letters from a legitimate brand name cannot be considered as counterfeiting. If this caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule is followed in Mauritius, then the use of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“addidasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  instead of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“adidasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  on socks for instance would not be an offense. Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle, 15 mai 2012[4] The present case clearly argues that the seized goods by customs in that case, being glasses, could not cause confusion in the mind of the customer due to its specific differences. The seized goods were viewed as imitations of the famous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Chanelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  glasses, but the defendant argued that there was no similarity in terms of quality, texture of the frames and glasses that could lead the consumer less prudent to consider they are in the presence of glasses produced by a great brand. Moreover, the logo used were different in so that the Chanel brand logo consisted of two inverted and crossed-together à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  whereas the seized glassesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ logo was made up of two circles crossed together. The defendant sustained his defense on the fact that the Chanel logo was globally known and identifiable at first glance by the vast majority of consumers; even the most moderately observant cannot ignore the difference between the logos appearing on the brand Chanel sunglasses and the allegedly infringing ones. The French case unmistakably makes it obvious that the seized products could not cause bewilderment in the mind of even the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“less prudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  buyer; therefore, if any one would be tempted to buy the seized glasses, it would be in their full knowledge that the product is not the famous Chanel glasses. EBay lawsuits This online-selling platform has been frequently criticised as being an intermediary facilitating the trade in counterfeit items. Many famous brands have seen the number of fake items being sold as originals. The IACC blames eBay for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“turning a blind eyeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to the quantity of counterfeiting that occurs on its website, which according to that organization, amounts to 29% of the total number of online counterfeit sales.[5] In the case of Tiffany Inc. v. eBay Inc. [6], a case brought before the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Tiffany suspected eBay for violating the Lanham Act and New York state common law by allowing the sale of counterfeit Tiffany items on its platform, and thus profiting from the sales of such items. Nonetheless, Tiffanyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s arguments were not well founded enough and the court concluded that eBay did not ignore the infringing activities and tried to prevent the sale of counterfeit items, through its V eRO program and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fraud engineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Moreover, no contributory infringement was established, as EBay must have had more than a general knowledge or reason to know that its service is being used to sell counterfeit goods; which was not the case. Nevertheless, the French Court took another standing in the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“la sociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © Louis Vuitton Malletier (LVM) c. la sociÃÆ' ©tÃÆ' © EBay INC[7]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in 2008 and 2010; whereby in its first case, LVM sued eBay inFrancefor the selling of counterfeitperfumesandhandbagson its website and alleged that the American Incorporation had not taken sufficient measures to stop the sale of counterfeit goods. The French Court accused EBay andin 2010, LVM sued EBay again; this time for spoiling the repute of theLouis Vuittontrademark andbrand name.LVM won and received à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 200 000as damages.The French tribunal points out that it is the duty of eBay to impose sufficient meas ures to stop illicit products from coming into the market. Commentators have advocated that this discrepancy between French and U.S. reasoning may à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“weaken the integrity of the online marketplace.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [8] Mauritian à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ralph Laurenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cases Three cases were heard in 2012 on the counterfeit trading of only one prestigious brand name à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Polo Ralph Laurenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . All the lawsuits were brought against sellers and on the case of DOBA V. THE STATE[9], where the appellant was charged and convicted before an inferior for having in his possession without the legitimate permission of the right holder, in the course of trade, a number of shirts bearing the logo of Polo Ralph Lauren. The shirts could not be sold as the trademark, which was for years 1992-1999 had already expired in 2004. Even if the appellant was not the owner of the shop but only the manager and because he had been ordered the appellant to remove the impugned articles exposed for sale. In the case of SOOBIAH A. A. v. THE STATE[10], the appellant was found on the 3rd December 2008 in possession of 359 T-shirts and 74 shirts of different sizes and colours which had been exposed for sale and which were found bearing the counterfeited tradema rk of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ralph Laurenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . He pleaded guilty to the charge but appealed to the Supreme Court as the fine penalty of Rs. 250 000 was way too excessive to be infringed by a District Magistrate. The penalty was reduced to Rs. 10 000, but not on the above ground but because the amount was found as would be disproportionate in relation to the degree of seriousness of the offence. Soobiahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profession as beach hawker, his clean record, age (60) and the number of goods found in his possession also helped in lessening the appellantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sentence. Another case is that of POLO LAUREN CO v MAUDHOO S[11], the plaintiff who was notified by the MRA that the defendant had imported goods bearing the registered trademarks of Polo/Lauren Co., which was a mark exclusively distributed by the appellant. The goods were detained by Customs as ordered by the appellant but the defendant now avers that those 129 goods were bought from USA through the internet, and the appellant could not restrict the buying of originals even if he avers to be the exclusive distributor. The defendant also averred that there was non-use of the marks. Same had not been proved, however and the defendant was found liable as such parallel importation could be permissible only if done with the approval of the owner of the trademark as provided for under section 40(5) of the PIDTA. It should be noted that parallel importations with the consent of the owner are referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Grey Goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and they are different from black market goods which are often counterfeit goods. This case was compared to a European Court case, Mastercigars Direct Limited v Hunters Frankau Limited[12], where 10 consignments of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Habanosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cigars were alleged to be counterfeit and unlawful parallel importation. The Court of Appeal reversed the decision of the trial judge as there was implied consent on the part of the appe llant to the parallel importation of the cigars. Conclusion Different case laws on counterfeiting were analysed, firstly by understanding of the definition of the word counterfeiting itself, the confusion element which stills finds its ways into the judgesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ mind and making them believe that consumers still buy counterfeits thinking they are originals; then some foreign cases were reviewed including those against EBay Inc. and finally the Ralph Lauren problem encountered in Mauritius was explored through case-laws. 1 [1] [2009] EWHC 1903 (Ch) (27 July 2009) [2] [2003] UKHL 28 [UK] [3] 486 F.Supp.2d 286 [4] N ° de pourvoi: 11-86196 [5] IACC Urges U.S. Appeals Court to Hold Ebay Contributorily Liable for Continuing Rampant Internet Sal[e], 2008. [6] 600 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2010) [7] ArrÃÆ' ªt n ° 1261 du 7 dÃÆ' ©cembre 2010 (09-16.811) Cour de cassation Chambre commerciale, financiÃÆ' ¨re et ÃÆ' ©conomique [8] Supremes Say: Youre On Your Own à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Analyzing Supreme Courts Decision Not to ReviewTiffany v. eBay, 2010. [9] 2012 SCJ 10 [10] 2012 SCJ 435 [11] 2012 SCJ 494 [12] [2007] EWCA Civ 176

Leadership As A Dynamic Followership And Leadership Role

In the preface of Followership, the author Tom Atchison, states the reason there has to be a dynamic followership and Leadership role it s not that there s a lack of effective leadership in healthcare, it’s that the current, worsening, issues are the moral and the staffing shortages of followers which result in a toxic work environment and the challenges on how followers overcome that while being a productive team. In followership there needs to be a leader that inspires and bonds followers together as a unit moving in one direction. Today’s leader has to be more than someone that was placed in a position of authority, a person with a title and a higher salary level. A real leader is found when the behaviors and attitudes of their†¦show more content†¦Followers create the influence necessary for a leader to have authority. Without it the organization will stagnate. So, what are followers looking for? 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The Development of Route 128 in Boston Free Essays

string(195) " regions I will try to show the different means by which an economic unit can attain success in the information revolution, and point out which strategies are most valuable to long-term success\." In my paper I will show how the development of Route 128 in Boston, Massachusetts started, and how it exists today. Boston has changed throughout the years in its Renewal reform within its planning of the city mainly on route 128 as well as other major routes though out Boston. Boston had many changes made within the neighborhoods, which have, major routes in which effected the people lives as well as their living conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of Route 128 in Boston or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some cases good in others for the worse. It separated and defined districts in which it no longer keeps the city as a whole. Boston is a set of distinctly different districts and neighborhoods, each with it’s own defining identity and unique characteristics. Boston as a whole, benefit’s from the contributions from each of these areas and it is truly what gives the city it’s charm and unique differences. However, it had no other choice but to confront a major problem in which it had to face. Massachusetts lacked an organized framework within it’s planning of cities and routes. The correlation between these neighborhoods has been an ongoing problem, which are being resolved. Even though Boston is making the changes which they feel are necessary, there are a few cases that are not being updated or corrected, and in many cases it has gotten worse due to the poor layout or problems that have arisen. On the other hand, Boston has many successful neighborhoods that are successful entities, and also hold a strong sense of self identify. But at the present time, there are areas that are inaccessible. This le! ads to a disordered city that can be more enjoyed and appreciated if it had a stronger structure! The characteristic of Boston as a collection of neighborhoods is due to its increase speed in growth from the days of its settlement in 1630. Unlike the many traditional American cities, which are usually based on an orthogonal grid, Boston never had a long-term strategy towards planning. The Boston area did however grow, modified itself, and evolved in a reactionary way as technological advancements came about which affected society as a whole. The original Shawmut peninsula, which at one point contained all of Boston, now only constitutes a fraction of the landmass of the city. A major portion of the city today exists on landfill claimed from the Boston harbor and Charles River. Expansion and development created the need for more land area. The Back Bay, West End, and much of south Boston are examples of this growth. As these areas were created they added to the existing city but they also had their own distinctiveness, which added to the other surrounding towns as well as Boston on a whole. These new created towns, were and are positive in many ways but they were never really integrated into the existing city central mainframe. This lead to! aking Boston a bit more disorganized. Thus, solving some problems, but creating others. Within the past fifty years the construction of the main central city of Boston in the 1950’s and the urban renewal projects beginning in the 1960’s inflated this urban problem. The suburbanization of America within its states and related migration of city inhabitants to border towns created a need for expanded automobile transportation in cities throughout the United States. In reaction to this, major routes and highways were constructed to connect suburban life to the cities. This encouraged more people to move out of the city, but not as far away that they couldn’t maintain their jobs within the main city. Boston had been changing from its historic and original focus as a port city to a city based on business and finance. The routes and central pathway was intended to assist this growth, and make the downtown more accessible. Boston’s West End is one of the most documented neighborhoods destroyed by urban renewal. Around 60% of the families, which were displaced by the urba! n renewal were Hispanic or Blacks. West End was mainly working class Italians. It had narrow streets and had a large amount of social life within it. This situation was viewed as un-American for middle class standards of city planners, which lead it to be demolished around 1959, and was replaced with high rises and expensive apartment buildings. The highway that city planners created lead to growth in and out of the city, and now in the modern era with changes in society, it became a necessity in our modern civilization. The routes circle around Boston (I-128 I-95) and cut though the city (I-90) like a foreign object. Cutting it’s way through Boston, it also broke up the city as a whole, creating boundaries between the cities, the harbor front, north end, and downtown. Boston had created a larger suburb for itself and pulled away from its history of being one of the most highly used water port that have been used for years. What was at one time considered one of the largest ! ports in the country was being abandoned and forgotten about. The mass departure from urban areas throughout the country led to an identity crisis for many urban areas. In response, The Federal Urban Renewal Program was created. Boston was a leader in this movement, and had several projects gain nationwide recognition. The Boston Redevelopment Authority approached the renewal in a way that would ultimately prove detrimental. The B. R. A. designated separate districts for administrative and funding reasons. Each district was dealt with as a separate entity with regards to their individual needs. A good comparison would be Silicon Valley, CA and Route 128, MA, which are considered two of the premiere technological concentrations, not only in the United States, but also in the world. These are regions that since World War II have been devoted to the creation of new information technology. By comparing the two regions I will try to show the different means by which an economic unit can attain success in the information revolution, and point out which strategies are most valuable to long-term success. You read "The Development of Route 128 in Boston" in category "Essay examples" Many people have attributed the success of the Valley primarily to the influence of nearby institutions of higher education, particularly Stanford University. In the 1920’s, administrators at Stanford sought to improve the prestige of their institution by hiring highly respected faculty members from East Coast universities. One important recruit was Fred Terman, an electrical engineer from MIT. Like many of his colleagues, he performed cutting-edge research in electronics. Unlike many other members of the faculty, though, he encouraged his students to sell applications of these new-technologies in the marketplace. By providing funds and equipment, Terman enabled two of his first recruits, David Hewlett and William Packard, to commercialize the audio-oscillator in the late 1930s. After selling their first oscillators to Disney Corporation, they reinvested their earnings and expanded both their products and their range of customers. In 1950, twelve years after its founding, Hewlett-Packard had 200 employees and sold 70 different products with sales over $2 million. It pioneered the formation of a distinctive Silicon Valley management style, treating workers as family members. Numerous workers have sought to duplicate Hewlett-Packard’s management style. In 1954, they accepted an offer by Stanford University to rent part of Stanford Research Park for their operations. This brought together various industries in Palo Alto. Many other firms subsequently rented other plots of land to take advantage of proximity to the university. Stanford Research Park, through the efforts of a few influential professors and university administrators, became the nucleus of the budding Silicon Valley. By the 1980s, the entire park had been rented out to area firms. This rapid rise of technology reflects itself in the organization of Silicon Valley. The people who began or were employed in these new firms considered themselves as technological trailblazers. The residents of this technological society were, a strongly homogenous group: white, male, Stanford or MIT educated engineers who migrated to California from other regions of the country. As modern-day pioneers, they were especially responsive to risky ventures that had the potential for great rewards. As people in the region became occupationally mobile, their roles became interchangeable: employers become employees and co-workers can become competitors. The result is that the engineers developed strong loyalties to technology and their fellow engineers and scientists while possessing far less allegiance to a single firm The traditional delineations between employers and employees were not so sharp as on the East Coast, and in some cases they disappeared entirely. Beginning with Hewlett and Packard, many of the Silicon Valley companies sought a much more interactive environment between employers and employees. Decentralization of powers followed. With respect to its industrial emphasis (electronics), the Route 128 region around Boston presents a study in contrast in terms of its historical development, geography, community life, and degree of interconnectivity between firms. Similar to Silicon Valley, the development of electronics-related companies on the 65-mile highway surrounding Boston and Cambridge in the area’s major research universities was influenced by academia, industry, and government. The professors and graduate students in the universities devote their energies toward a greater understanding of the world around them. The government, particularly federal agencies such as the Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation, provides the financial support for the academicians to test the hypothesis and perform the experiments. The firms would then produce the physical expressions of these ideas for the marketplace. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, like its counterpart in Palo Alto, has engaged in world class scientific research and has produced some of the best engineers in the country. The Institute has sought to provide the theoretical and practical foundations for its students to make major contributions to society. While doing so, it has engaged in a seemingly endless number of advancements and has tried to reach out to large companies in Massachusetts and outside the state as well as participate in many federal and state-run projects. The Federal government, to a much greater extent in this state than in California, has provided the fuel for the region’s expansion. By the late 1990s, Massachusetts was one of the top five states in terms of federal research resources granted. The Department of Defense itself has accounted for over 60% of federal research and development spending in the state. Consequently, the large firms have profited most. In the 1970s and 80s, Raytheon became one of the most important contractors for the Department of Defense; EGG Inc. has filled several contracts for NASA. Some smaller organizations in this Beltway have been created to solely fill government orders. Organizations ranging from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to the Department of Energy (DOE) provided universities and firms millions of dollars for research. Whole new industries have sprung up from these efforts: computers, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence, among others. The third leg of this technological triangle, complementing the universities and government agencies, is industry itself. By 1990, the state contained over 3,000 high-technology firms. Some companies stand as the pillars of the 128 community: Digital Equipment Corporation, Raytheon, and Lotus Development. These companies produced a disproportionate share of the region’s income generation As they grew, so too did the accompanying service firms. The communities in which the high-tech enterprises sprung up, towns such as Burlington, Lexington, and Cambridge have established roots in eastern Massachusetts going back centuries. Companies such as DEC and Lotus Development are in many ways just descendants of other industrial titans that have crowded this area for over 150 years. The structures of Boston society have resulted in relatively stable and conservative hold on certain aspects of its residents’ life. Engineers who have worked on both coasts report a much greater divide between work and play on the East Coast. Entrepreneurs such as Ken Olsen at DEC and An Wang at Wang industries who succeeded did not change their lifestyles in any radical way. Olsen, for example, avoided most social gatherings, remained a teetotaler, lived in a small home, and continued to drive an old Ford to work. He and other area CEOs did not live the same high profile lives in Boston that their counterparts did in Silicon Valley. The lack of role models and less developed informal social contacts may have constrained the amount of new companies that were created in the 1970s and 1980s. The defense industry, hiring practices, and the region’s geography all conspired to reinforce this traditionalism. The volume of military purchases encouraged corporate separateness. The h! iring of management differs substantially from Silicon Valley. In Massachusetts, older individuals, usually wedded to the status-quo, are often selected for executive positions Managers in Silicon Valley, often in their twenties and thirties, are much more likely to experiment with organization. Geography also plays a role. The firms were more spread out around metropolitan Boston than comparable companies in California, lessening the probability of interaction. Communication between company and town is even less prevalent. Many large companies such as DEC have almost no ties to the towns in which they were located. The hierarchies within companies are extremely rigid. The manager created firms with complex and sophisticated organizational patterns that employed individuals to be loyal first and foremost to the company. In return for the loyalty, employees expected that hard work would enable them to stay employed in the firm and rise through the ranks, culminating in retirement with a large pension. Employers are generally wary of hiring an engineer or programmer who has left another firm after only a few years. At the same time, significant status differences exist. The hierarchy of positions and the means of formal communication within the firm, along with the structure of salaries and benefits, developed strong delineation’s within the firm. At DEC, for example, the company centralized many of its prominent functions and a small group of individuals made the decisions, namely Ken Olson (the CEO). The companies attempt to internalize many of their procedures. This vertical integration ! often includes: software design, component, peripheral, and subsystem production, and final assembly. In short, Route 128 firms are much more settled and centralized affairs than the scientists and engineers in northern California. Their histories, attitudes, and strategies have created technological societies similar in products manufactured but very different in their economic and social appearance. With the onset of the computer generation big named companies bought land off of this highway. This lead to an enormous clotting into Route 128, which is considered the edge of Boston (it circles around the main Downtown metropolitan area). Route 128 became a big commodity to the new generation of large computer technology based industries. The highway began to get congested, with the onslaught of new businesses. All these new businesses in turn lead to major traffic jams. Real estate around route 128 increased dramatically, which appealed more to the upper middle class. Large apartment complexes around the area were sequentially created. With the suppression of the new renewals to towns in Boston as well as the downtown city, a lot of opportunities arose to deal with the large amount of issues that had come from linkages between the various neighborhoods within the main city. Each town is being dealt with, but with respect to it’s own uniqueness, and it’s contribution toward making Boston more unified within. Despite the rapid growth of the towns around route 128, it hit a point where the business industry came to a standstill in the 90’s. Things that lead to this sudden halt, was due to the region from northern Rhode Island to southern New Hampshire, which ran out of space for expansional development that maintained and held up the large boom for this hot area.. Existing companies couldn’t expand more, which meant less jobs were being offered to the large amounts of people migrating for jobs from these companies. As the companies grew with time, there became higher demand for their products. Another factor to! the standstill in business expansion was due to other large companies which where not based around Route 128 (such as Compaq in Houston, Texas, and Microsoft in Seattle) which made huge profits and revenue. This distant competition drew attention away from the â€Å"hub†. By the end of the 20th Century, Boston was at maximum capacity and could not lend itself anymore to expansion. Route 128 was one of the first beltways built in America. Its ten-mile radius circles the Boston area in an arc shape. Close by is route I-495 that is goes from Rhode Island and ends closely to the beginning of New Hampshire. Both the belts have many intersections throughout it’s span that lead from downtown Boston and into the heart of the states which boarders around. With all the intersections that go through these routes a high capacity of people can access these major belts. This was the reason for the success and decline of â€Å"The Hub†. The smaller stores and companies such as the food industry, benefited from the large companies due to its high employee population servicing the smaller businesses. With the success of Route 128, some towns have grown out of the heavily used belts like Quincy-Braintree. Since the companies couldn’t build anymore on the belt, they moved some of their departments a bit further from the main headquarters, to areas which are easily assessable from many other routes and connectors in the Boston area. This cut down on the flow of drivers into the highly packed corporate beltway area, which alleviated more congestion, and it made everyone a bit less stressed. Going along I-128 towards the west, brings us to the Mass. Pike. This connection is one good reason that I-128 became the â€Å"technology road†, because it connected to other states as well as the rest of Boston. Mass Pike is the oldest beltway in the Boston area.. Going up Northwest on the beltway is where route 128 intersects and meets route 3 and I-93. This area is one of the most congested of any part of the Boston area. This area is the center of the Lahey Medical Center as well as the Bu! rlington Mall. The Peabody and Danvers area, which is also on the Northwest part of I-128, is where I-95 resumes its route to Maine. Since it’s low-point in the mid-1990s, when several big companies severed or trimmed their ties to the area, Route128 has returned to prominence as one of the nation’s premier high-tech zones. And the rejuvenation hasn’t been limited to just this highway that loops around Boston, but has expanded to other parts of the metro area as well. Unfortunately since planning is never predictable what could have been more of a commodity Route 128 became exploited and overdone. What recourses that could have been attained such as location, convenience and easy access to suburbs; Route 128 became a city within itself and lost the suburban idealism which was originally sought after. Even though it was seemingly sufficient in space Route 128 has exceeded its limitations. This proves to be a learning experience in that Route 128 although successful in most of its purposes was a failure when it lost its ideals of functioning as a suburb. How to cite The Development of Route 128 in Boston, Essay examples

Foundation of Management Industrial Revolution

Question: Discuss about theFoundation of Management for Industrial Revolution. Answer: Introduction: The present history of management can be dated back to the industrial revolution which took place in the 1850s especially in Europe. Capital, multifaceted machines, and products were developed during the industrial revolution. Due to this invention, a problem came about. The main challenge was the management and co-ordination of these complex resources. The result is that management began, the scientific management in 1880-1930. During this period, engineers educated the universe industrial management, largely known as production running. Several theories on how management came to trace their origins from diverse principles over time.one such theory is the theory of the jungle, this theory claims that management occurred naturally by chance (Koontz, 1961). Foundation of management refers to the strategies put in place by a manager to enable him/her advance down a path of fruitful management, (Conklin, 2016). There is only one known best way of succeeding as a manager, this is by setting an outline using managerial functions which focuses on planning and making decisions, leading, organizing and controlling. (Foundations of management, 2016). The footing in management lie in a context of a dim realization slowly but practically inexorably undermining the base of some customary cliff of instinctual practice. In the modern world today, management is constantly proving to be dynamic, for instance, management nowadays relies on the word which is disseminated through print. Generally, writing facilitates the development of intellectual thinking and the linear reasoning essential for the logical framing of specific events into purposeful meanings. (Mele, 2014). Living things, in our case, human beings tend to have a tendency of increasing our thermodynamic endeavors, that is, the capacity and capability of trapping and utilizing such energy to enable one to raise their existing levels from lower to relatively higher forms. This is what makes one feel a sense of superiority above others. (Joullie, 2016). Evolution is a process which is more or less random. Human beings evolved not physically but by progress in our frame of mind and by growing our capacity to store knowledge. Thus, the nurtured impulse to inflict some logical order, and reason on our flux of experience ,provides the clues to the development of problem-solving positioning that we have over time come to know as management practices. Management roots, its foundations to three major events in history, the discovery of writing, which came about some three thousand years back together with alphabetization, and the growth in printed word in the fifteenth century. These three discoveries changed the human history in that they developed the necessary sense ratios, making visual knowledge dominate over all senses. Such intelligent pre-deposition has fundamentally shaped present attitude towards management and its practices. It has imparted a sense of readiness amongst those entrusted with management duties, (Tadeusz, 2014). It is argued that failure to take account of historical events and their special effects on the present modes of thinking, the foundation doctrines of management cannot be totally appreciated. The species homo has existed for around two million but yet developed properly into sapiens around 100 years ago. Civilization makes up a very small percentage compared to the much wider length of human evolution. During this early civilization period, little or rather no systems of reference to speak, existed hence no systematic way of organizing the effort. The human brain despite its erratic memory, was the only apparatus available to help in knowing, recording, referring and solving problems. With time and challenges, the human b eing was able to develop language and systems used for representation which proved to be convenient. Regardless of the type of business or field of expertise, all executives share mutual grounds. While conducting their daily tasks, managers are governed by the four basic principles or foundations of management. These are planning, organizing, directing and controlling (Magdalena, 2013). Planning Being the manager at your place of work or not, whether it is related to the work you do or not, everyone has planned before. It can be as simple as determining tomorrows schedule, what time to wake up or even how to get to work and the task to be accomplished once you get to work. Planning involves the process of setting objectives and determining the right course of action to help achieve the set objectives. (Commons, 2010). It requires that the management is cognizant of the environmental factors facing their institutions and be able to predict on the future situations. It is a process starting with scanning the environment, meaning that planners should be aware of the critical eventualities their organizations are exposed to in terms of competition, customers and economic conditions. The planners (managers), must then try to project on the future situations. The management must create the objectives, which are the set targets to be achieved and when these targets are to be achiev ed. (Mele et al, 2014). This will be followed by an evaluation of a suitable course of action to achieve the set objectives. Necessary steps should be formulated to ensure plans are implemented effectively. Different types of planning are conducted by the management, these include strategic planning, involving analyzing competitive strategies and threats as well as a SWOT analysis. The strategic plan has a long-term setting covering three or more years. The management formulates objectives, taking into account the mission of the organization. Another type of planning involves tactical planning, it mainly focuses on one to three years. It is designed to develop means to implement the organization's strategic plan. This task is normally left to the managers at the middle level of the organization. Operational planning adopts the presence of society-wide aims and intentions, specifying how or methods to realizing the goals. It takes a short range normally not exceeding a year and is in tended to cultivate definite action stages that back planned and tactical plans. Organizing This is a role of the board involving the development of organizational structures while allocating human resources in order to ensure that the company accomplishes its objectives (Fuller, 2012). The organization's structure provides the framework for co-coordinating the efforts. This particular structure is in the form of a diagram providing a graphical depiction of the organization's management structure. Organizing similarly comprises designing of distinct works in the business. Resolutions and duties are prepared regarding the individual tasks at hand. Organizing regarding a specific work encompasses how paramount to scheme specific jobs to utilize human labor efficiently (Miller et al, 2013). Customarily, job design was centered on the doctrines of the division of work and specialization. However, understanding has shown that it is now possible for work to become narrow and specialized. Recently, businesses have tried to establish an equilibrium concerning the need for employee specialization and the necessity for employees to devise professions that involve diversity and anatomy. Numerous jobs today are planned to center on job enrichment, enablement, and coordination. (Rudani, 2013). Leading Leading refers to the societal and informal basis of stimulus which a manager practices to motivate achievement taken by the employees. Effective bosses who are virtuous in leadership, ensure that their juniors remain passionate about exercising effort to attain the overall goals of the organization. (Han, 2013). Behavior science has made numerous assistances to this understanding. For instance, studies have revealed that for one to lead effectively, he/she must be able to understand their juniors personalities, ethics, insolences, and sentiments.as a leader, you are looked upon to provide routes to the lower level managers and junior staff so that everyone is aware of their duties to be performed, and are prepared to carry out theses duties professionally and successfully. Controlling Controlling is a process meant to warrant that performance does not deviate from the set criteria. Controlling mainly comprises of three steps, namely the establishment of the performance standards, the comparison between the real performance alongside criteria and taking remedial actions when the need arises. Performance criteria are stated in financial values such as statement, sales reports, consumer satisfaction and official performance appraisals. Controlling, in this case, should not be mistaken with behavior and devious senses, this role does not necessitate that administrators endeavor to have control or influence the personalities, emotions, and approaches of their juniors. This task encompasses the supervisions part in taking the essential measure to guarantee that the labor related tasks remain consistent and are contributing towards accomplishing the organizations and the departmental goals. (Magdalena, 2013). To control effectively requires that appropriate plans be put in place. This is due to the fact that it is only through proper planning that you are able to adhere to the necessary standards and objectives. (Modern, 2016). It also necessitates a much richer taking into account where obligation for unorthodoxies from criteria lies. The two common, customary control methods are economical and performance auditing. Auditing encompasses examining and verifying registers and supporting booklets. A budget inspection is aimed at providing evidence regarding where the institution is, taking into account what was prearranged and planned for. Performance assessment, on the other hand, aims at determining whether the numbers reported mirror the real performance of the business. Controlling is constantly thought of in terms of fiscal criteria, it should be noted that management need also to control manufacture and procedures, practices for the provision of facilities, agreement with enterprise guidelines and added events in the business. (Lopez, 2014). In conclusion, it is no longer a furtive that work around the globe continues to be dynamic. Studies have shown that specific and team performances achieve desired results. Todays management comprises of a unified and extremely functional lineup. The effort is being made to make the foundations of management more meaningful and understandable, this is through integration and alignment of different persons with intellectual minds. Through this approach, new and old management philosophies will not conflict in any way or substitute each other rather all management approaches will co-exist and complement each other (Willcocks, 2013). References Anthony, P., 1986.The Foundation of Management(Vol. 324). Routledge Kegan Paul. Admin, N. (2016)Foundations of management - NMA. Available at: https://nma1.org/foundations-of-management-course/ (Accessed: 8 September 2016). Commons, C. (2010)1.4 Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. Available at: https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/management-principles-v1.1/s05-04-planning-organizing-leading-an.html (Accessed: 8 September 2016). Conklin (2016). The Foundation of Management. Available at: https://www.conklindd.com/t-thefoundationofmanagement.aspx (Accessed: 8 September 2016). Fuller, S., 2012.Knowledge Management Foundations. Routledge. Harrison, J.S. and John, C.H.S., 2013.Foundations in Strategic Management. Cengage Learning. Joulli, J.-E., Gulf, 1, Science and Technology, K. (2016) The philosophical foundations of management thought,Academy of Management Learning Education, 15(1), pp. 157179. Doi: 10.5465/amle.2012.0393. Lopez, J.A.P., 2014.Foundations of management. Ediciones Rialp. Mel, D. and Canton, C.G. (2014)Human Foundations of Management. Springer Nature. Morden, T., 2016.Principles of strategic management. Routledge. Rudani, R.B., 2013.Principles of Management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Willcocks, L., 2013. Global Business Management Foundations.

Othello 11 Essay Research Paper In William free essay sample

Othello 11 Essay, Research Paper In William Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Othello there is a broad array of subjects. One of the subjects, which is found true to about every character, is of the act of control throughout the drama. Another subject portrayed through Iago, is the repeating usage of words such as # 8220 ; monkey # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; king of beasts # 8221 ; , etc. in # 8220 ; romantic # 8221 ; conversation. In Othello, characters such as Roderigo, Brabantio, Desdemona, etc. at one point of the drama believe that they have complete control over another character or state of affairs merely to happen that the individual or state of affairs is unmanageable. For case, in the first scene of the drama Roderigo is interested in wooing Desdemona so he pays Iago to mediate with her on his behalf. Roderigo now believes that his money has bought him complete control over Iago, but when he finds out of Othello and Desdemona # 8217 ; s matrimony, he is angry at Iago and tells him, # 8221 ; I take it much unkindly that 1000, Iago, who hast had my bag as if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello 11 Essay Research Paper In William or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; However throughout the drama Roderigo is still convinced that his money is assisting to command Iago, and by the clip he finds out that he has lost control, he has already been mortally wounded by Iago. Another illustration of this subject occurs between the chief characters of the drama Othello and Iago. Since Othello is a seasoned warrior and leader of the Venetian ground forces, he believes that everyone underneath him will stay by his opinions and bids. And since Othello has had a long term relationship with Iago, he has even more trust and religion in him. But Iago sees this and decides to take advantage of Othello. This is foremost observed when Iago and Roderigo are talking of their program to acquire Othello against Cassio. After Roderigo issues, Iago lets the audience know of how he will be able to command and take Othello around. Because of this Othello, who was the accountant, has now become controlled by Iago. And the concluding illustration that the subject of control is present in the drama Othello portrayed through Desdemona. This occurs at the point in the drama after the battle between Cassio and Roderigo. Cassio is imploring of Desdemona to assist him acquire his occupation back as lieutenant of the Venetian Army. The newlywed Desdemona is so positive that she can convert Othello to accommodate with him, that she promises Cassio: Do non doubt that: before Emilia here I give thee warrant of thy topographic point. Assure thee, If I do vow a friendly relationship, I # 8217 ; ll execute it to the last article. My Godhead shall neer rest # 8230 ; This nevertheless is non what happens. When Desdemona brings this favour to Othello he had merely received a missive from Venice that ordered him back place. Othello misinterprets Desdemona # 8217 ; s inquiry and goes into a fury, striking here. This proves the subject of control because Desdemona believed that she had complete control over her hubby Othello. But subsequently on she finds out that he is beyond being controlled by her, in fact despite her pleadings at the terminal of the drama, Othello is so out of control that he murders Desdemona. Another repeating subject in William Shakespeare’s Othello is shown through the character of Iago. Throughout the drama Iago uses animate beings in descriptions and similes of passionate events or people. For case in Act I, Iago and Roderigo have merely found out about the matrimony of Othello and Desdemona. Both of them rush over to Brabantio’s house in the center of the dark, to state him the intelligence. While Iago is shouting up at his sleeping room window he informs Brabantio: # 8230 ; Your bosom is burst, you have lost half your psyche. Even now, now, really now, an old black random-access memory is tupping your white Ewe. Arise, arise! Wake up the puffing citizens with the bell, Or else the Satan will do a grandshire of you. The old black random-access memory is evidently touching to Othello and Desdemona is of class the white Ewe. The # 8220 ; tupping # 8221 ; refers to Othello and Desdemona holding sex with one another. A small subsequently on in the drama Iago is still speaking with Brabantio about Othello and Desdemona. Iago keeps touching to the matrimony, but Brabantio is non rather certain what Iago is seeking to state. So Iago makes the advice a little more obvious by stating him that the Moor ( Othello ) and his girl are doing a animal with two dorsums. This besides refers to an animate being, and one time once more is depicting Othello and Desdemona # 8217 ; s passionate minute. And the last illustration of the changeless subject of Iago utilizing animate beings in similes, descriptions, etc. , occurs when Iago and Othello are talking of Cassio and Desdemona # 8217 ; s supposed matter. Othello has been in a fury, confused and disturbed about the intelligence he has received, and Iago takes this minute to take advantage of Othello and anger him even more. Iago pretends to care about the state of affairs and Tells Othello that if anyone would of all time catch the two together, certainly they would be, # 8220 ; As premier as caprine animals, every bit hot as monkeys, every bit salt as wolves in pride, and saps every bit gross as ignorance made drunk. # 8221 ; After hearing these similes comparing Desdemona and Cassio to one another, Othello is even more angered and asks Iago for cogent evidence. The subject of control is a dominant one in the calamity Othello. The characters in this drama exemplify this subject through their relationships with each other. In each instance the transmutation from controlled to unmanageable is a surprise, and in each state of affairs pandemonium follows. This subject shows an penetration on human nature, and it can be said that complete control is frequently followed by corruptness and devastation even to this twenty-four hours. The subject shown through Iago is besides an of import and dominant one in the drama Othello. Each clip this occurs Iago is either depicting an event to person, or doing similes of two other people. Each clip he does this he has the same ground, to acquire the character more angry and vindictive towards another one, and in each case this happens. I think this subject is relevant today because it shows that green-eyed monster is a strong factor in doing one # 8217 ; s ain determination. Equally long as their is mankind, their will be jealousy for others to derive, and every bit long as their is jealousy, there will be an adversary at that place to advance it. 31c

Free Essays on History Of Coca-Cola

The History of Coca-Cola The Coca-Cola company started out as an insignificant one man business and over the last one hundred and ten years it has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. The first operator of the company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies help, Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business. Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. He concocted the formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage(Things go better with Coke 14). Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta’s largest pharmacy, Jacob’s Pharmacy, as a five cent non-carbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we know today as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Coca-Cola was named by Frank Robinson, one of Pemberton’s close friends, he also penned the famous Coca-Cola logo in unique script. Dr. John Pemberton sold a portion of the Coca-Cola company to Asa Candler, after Pemberton’s death the remainder was sold to Candler. Pemberton was forced to sell because he was in a state of poor health and was in debt. He had paid $76.96 for advertising, but he only made $50.00 in profits. Candler acquired the whole company for $2,300(Coca-Cola multiple pages). Candler achieved a lot during his time as owner of the company. On January 31, 1893, the famous Coca-Cola formula was patented. He also opened the first syrup manufacturing plant in 1884. His great achievement was large scale bottling of Coca-Cola in 1899. In 1915, The Root Glass Company made the contour bottle for the Coca-Cola company. Candler aggressively advertised Coca-Cola in newspapers and on billboards. I... Free Essays on History Of Coca-Cola Free Essays on History Of Coca-Cola The History of Coca-Cola The Coca-Cola company started out as an insignificant one man business and over the last one hundred and ten years it has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. The first operator of the company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies help, Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business. Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. He concocted the formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage(Things go better with Coke 14). Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta’s largest pharmacy, Jacob’s Pharmacy, as a five cent non-carbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we know today as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Coca-Cola was named by Frank Robinson, one of Pemberton’s close friends, he also penned the famous Coca-Cola logo in unique script. Dr. John Pemberton sold a portion of the Coca-Cola company to Asa Candler, after Pemberton’s death the remainder was sold to Candler. Pemberton was forced to sell because he was in a state of poor health and was in debt. He had paid $76.96 for advertising, but he only made $50.00 in profits. Candler acquired the whole company for $2,300(Coca-Cola multiple pages). Candler achieved a lot during his time as owner of the company. On January 31, 1893, the famous Coca-Cola formula was patented. He also opened the first syrup manufacturing plant in 1884. His great achievement was large scale bottling of Coca-Cola in 1899. In 1915, The Root Glass Company made the contour bottle for the Coca-Cola company. Candler aggressively advertised Coca-Cola in newspapers and on billboards. I...

Analysis at the operational level the the presecution of the Allies' Essay

Analysis at the operational level the the presecution of the Allies' defence of Crete in 1941 and identify the enduring lessons - Essay Example Moreover, the leadership, going into the battle already defeated, did not bother to put together a coherent strategy for battle, but, rather, seemed to make it up as they went along. These are all reasons for the defeat, and lessons that were learned. Nevertheless, as the Allies did delay Hitler’s forces for a few weeks, which, in turn, delayed Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union, which was the turning point of the war, one could say that the battle of Crete set into motion a chain of events that led to Hitler’s destruction. This paper will examine the reasons why Crete was fought? and how the British tried to defend it? coupled with an analysis of the mistakes made and an analysis of why the battle might not have been so bad after all, as it delayed Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Why Germany Wanted Crete and How Germany Got Involved in Greece The Battle for Crete had its roots in a demand by Benito Mussolini, Italy’s fascist dic tator, to Greece to allow an Italian occupation of Greece in October of 1940. When the premier of Greece, John Metaxas, defied this request, the Italians began the invasion of Greece (Woodhouse, 1976, p. 16), a move that would prove to be a â€Å"disaster† for Mussolini (Heckstall-Smith, A. & Baillie-Grohman, H.T., 1961, p. 15), and would make Mussolini a â€Å"laughingstock† in Greece (Hart, 1996, p. 87). This move by Mussolini was precipitated by Germany sending soldiers into the Ploesti oilfields, which enraged Mussolini enough for him to launch this invasion (Mazower, 1993, p. 15). The reason that the German action of sending soldiers to Greece so piqued Mussolini was because Mussolini was jealous of Hitler, and felt that he stood in Hitler’s shadow while Hitler rampaged Europe. While Hitler added Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Hungary, France, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Romania to the Third Reich, Mussolini fantasi zed about adding the Mediterranean to the Italian column, while Hitler insulted him by not allowing him access to the fruits of victory. The final insult was Hitler’s occupation of Romania, a move that was done behind Mussolini’s back (Kiriakopoulos, 1995, p. xv). This insult to Mussolini was what initially caused the Italian dictator to invade Greece in 1940, as Mussolini stated that, about Hitler invading Rumania without consulting him that he â€Å"shall pay [Hitler] back with his own coin; he shall learn from the newspapers that I have occupied Greece. Thus equilibrium would be restored† (Cervi, 1971, p. 60). However, this move was unsuccessful, as Mussolini’s troops were defeated and pushed back into Albania (Mazower, 1993, p. 15). Hitler was incensed by the Italians failure (Van Creveld, 1973, p. 57), regarding it as â€Å"definitely a regrettable blunder† (Hinsley, 1951, p. 102), however, as Hitler could not allow his ally to be totally defe ated, he had to launch his own invasion of Greece, which began April 6, 1941 (Kiriakopoulos, 1995, p. xvi). Greece was also important to Germany, as it was seen as a prelude to the Russian campaign (Von der Porten, 1969, p. 109). This campaign proved to be successful (von Mellenthin, 1977, p. 228), as the Middle East,

Literature Review. ADHD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Literature Review. ADHD - Essay Example The front part of the brain has slightest to do with aptitude, so it is likely to be very intelligent and still have ADHD. The study of ADHD goes back to the early 1900s. However, its name has changed over time. Children who survived the encephalitis epidemics of the 1920s were left with a post-encephalitic syndrome characterized by problems with memory, attention, hyperactivity, and a lack of impulse control. There was also a group of children who, though not post-encephalitic, presented clinically with the same triad of symptoms: hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility. The term minimal brain damage or hyperactive child syndrome was used for this group. However, when it became apparent that there was no frank evidence of brain damage, the designation was changed to minimal brain dysfunction, although hyperactive child syndrome was also in use (Okagaki, Kontos, &, 1998). During the 1970s, it was thought that the focus on hyperactivity was not clinically warranted and did not sufficiently accent problems with attention and impulse control. In view of the latter, the DSM-III revision of 1980 changed the designation to attention deficit disorder, with or without hyperactivity, thus highlighting inattention and distractibility. ... ADHD is generally characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity that causes impairment across settings. ADHD is a developmental disorder (symptoms present before age 7) with recognized subtypes: a predominantly impulsive-hyperactive subtype, a predominantly inattentive subtype, and a third subtype combining features of both. Adults with ADHD, while usually not physically hyperactive, often continue to have marked problems in time management, sustained attention, impulse control, social skills, and frustration tolerance. Academic and work-related problems may result from poor organization, planning, and follow-through. Probably as many as four million children and four to five million adults in the United States suffer from Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although ADHD was described by physicians many years ago, its frequency only recently has been recognized. Exact figures are not available, but it seems likely that between 3 to 10 percent of school-age children and 4 to 5 percent of adults have ADHD (Scheinbaum, Newton, Zecker, & Rosenfeld, 1995). . ADHD is frequently accompanied by learning disorders in reading, spelling, or arithmetic, and it may be accompanied by other behavior disorders. ADHD is more common in boys than in girls. Child psychiatrists used to believe that the symptoms of ADHD diminished and disappeared as children grew older, but recent studies have found that ADHD frequently persists into adolescence and adult life. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, defines ADHD as a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than typically observed in

Elaboration Likelihood model analysis Term Paper

Elaboration Likelihood model analysis - Term Paper Example Today businesses are constantly developing new persuasion mechanisms to market their products and services. They are looking for innovative ways of creating and delivering the content of the message. They aim to capture the audience attention, create assurance, spawn preferred attitudes, create social norms and eventually influence behavior. In this paper, I will explain the theory of elaboration likelihood model and show how it explains the persuasive strategy apparent in a television ad campaign for Budweiser puppy love commercial. A lot of research studies conducted in this field of persuasion indicates the challenges of developing a persuasive message. The results are varying particularly on issues dealing with public policies (Rucker & Petty, 2006). These results are linked to the thinking of the early 1970s researches about persuasion. The variables suggested by researchers during the 1970s continue to be investigated till now; they include message characteristics. This will encompass its credibility, attractiveness, emotional appeal, the mood it creates, and the channel used to present the message (Petty, Barden, et al., 2009). The assumption was that these variables achieved a single goal, which is persuasion. They could produce only one outcome, the effect of the persuasion message would be either successful or reduced. Some studies show that including only positive arguments in the message improved persuasion efforts. However, other studies found no similar benefits of incorporating positive aspects only; sometimes it reduced the effect of persuasion efforts. Some studies found also that incorporating negative aspects enhance the impact of persuasion rather than reduce it as earlier thought. The contentious issues in these results were the uncertainty on how these negative effects were relayed and steps involved in conveying them (Wagner & Petty, 2011). It was due to the

External Factors Affecting To The Pepsico Marketing Essay

External Factors Affecting To The Pepsico Marketing Essay Books, articles, journals and periodicals were reviewed; internet sources were also visited, to elicit information. The major threat identified were more of environmental, arising majorly from its sludge which was alleged to contain a high level of toxic chemicals, including cadmium and lead, both of which can be harmful to human and plants. The case of coca-cola plant in Perumatti in the southern state of Kerala in India was used as a case study Not only is PepsiCo the worlds largest beverage company, but in 200 nations ( with consumers enjoying an average of 1.6 billion servings a day), sells about 500 sparkling brands, including 4 of the top sellers (coca- cola, diet coke, sprite and fanta), sparkling beverages, juices, and ready to drink teas among others. In this assignment we focused on the activities regarding the external factors which affect the PepsiCo, needs and expectations of stakeholders of PepsiCo, major changes taking place in the external environment in PepsiCo, modeling tools develop strategic options, basis of future PepsiCo strategy, comparative understanding of competitor activity from others. External factors affecting to the PepsiCo. PEST analysis is concerned with the key external environmental influences on a business. POLITICAL ECONOMICAL SOCIAL TECHNOLOGICAL PepsiCo product are subject to various federal laws New opportunities in other countries Replenishing water Operates in almost all the countries Land acquisition for new factories Fuel price Replenishing water Introduction of cans and plastic Bottles Govt. focusing on stricter water pollution norms Availability of labor Partnership with farmers Newer and attractive Designs Raw Material prices A great worry. Have a global economic perspective Solid waste management program State-of-the-Art plants Needs and expectations of stakeholders of PepsiCo Consumers PepsiCo are proud to offer PepsiCo consumers a wide range of products that deliver great taste, nutritional value, convenience and affordability. PepsiCo are committed to playing a responsible role in health and PepsiCo are finding innovative ways to reduce the use of energy, water and packaging, and to better serve consumer wants and needs through new products and packaging And PepsiCo work relentlessly to improve productivity so PepsiCo can offer affordable products to a broad range of consumers. Consumer Privacy Consumer privacy is important to PepsiCo, and PepsiCo make every effort to make sure consumers are provided with PepsiCo policies, terms and conditions. PepsiCo business divisions and many markets maintain corporate and brand PepsiCo sites, fully accessible to all interested parties. Communities PepsiCo support PepsiCo communities through PepsiCo businesses by contributing to not-for-profit groups and by working with organizations dedicated to improving the lives of people. PepsiCo have advisory groups that focus on health and issues of concern to the African American, Asian and Latino/Hispanic communities, among others. Investors PepsiCo strive to provide investors with a reasonable return on their investment, based on consistent financial growth in the marketplace and consistent financial results. PepsiCo take a long-term view and make appropriate investments to strengthen PepsiCo brands, develop PepsiCo capabilities and pursue new opportunities. Partners PepsiCo did not control these bottlers, PepsiCo did not consolidate their results. Instead, PepsiCo included PepsiCo share of their net income based on PepsiCo percentage of economic ownership in PepsiCo income statement as bottling equity income. Suppliers PepsiCo suppliers provide us with the goods and services needed in PepsiCo business. PepsiCo buy goods and services at competitive prices with the goal of allowing both PepsiCo suppliers and PepsiCo to make a reasonable profit. Major changes affect strategy. PepsiCo intend to continue to focus our efforts on, among other initiatives, the following. These changes of the external factors changes the Strategy of PepsiCo PepsiCo Company to develop a business model to continue exploring and participating in new lines of beverages, extending existing product lines and effectively advertising and marketing our products; implementing selective packaging strategies designed to increase consumer demand for our products and to build a strong returnable base for the PepsiCo brand; replicating our best practices throughout the value chain; Adapting organizational and asset structure in order to be in a better position to respond to a changing competitive environment; to build a multi-cultural collaborative team, from top to bottom; and broadening our geographic footprint through organic growth and strategic acquisitions. SWOT analysis of PepsiCo SWOT Analysis of PepsiCo Strengths Weaknesses Opportunity Threat one of the most recognized brands of the world Low Productivity In 2008 PepsiCo had approximately 198,000 employees. International Expansion PepsiCo is in the midst of making a $1, 000 million investment in China, and a $500 million investment in India Decline in Carbonated Drink Sales Soft drink sales are projected to decline by as much as 2.7% by 2012, PepsiCos diversification is obvious in that the fact that each of its top 18 brands Image Damage Due to Product Recall Growing Savory Snack and Bottled Water market in US PepsiCo is positioned well to capitalize on the growing bottle water market which is projected to be worth over $24 million by 2012. Intense Competition The Coca-Cola Company is PepsiCos primary competitors. But others include Nestlà ©, Groupe Danone and Kraft Foods. Intense competition may influence pricing, advertising, sales The company delivers its products directly from manufacturing plants and warehouses to customer warehouses and retail stores Its revenue per employee was $219,439, which was lower that its competitors. Broadening of Product Base PepsiCo is seeking to address one of its potential weaknesses; dependency Potential Negative Impact of Government Regulations Develop a comparative understanding of competitor activity from other organizations in the market. pff2.jpg Create options to form the basis of future organizational strategy. The PepsiCo reaffirmed the underlying strength of its integrated food and beverage portfolio and concluded that PepsiCo offers the most compelling value to shareholders as one company. Significantly increase investments in its iconic brands and in bringing innovation to market. Advertising and marketing spending will increase by $500-$600 million in 2012, the majority in North America. Going forward, it expects to maintain or increase that rate of support as a percentage of revenues. To drive efficiencies, it will reduce the number of agency partners and also take steps to leverage the global scale of its top brand platforms. The brand investments are expected to drive top line growth and enable greater price realization; Implement a three-year productivity program that is expected to generate over $500 million in incremental cost savings in 2012, further incremental reductions in the cost base of about $500 million in 2013, and an additional $500 million in 2014. The productivity savings will span every aspect of the business: Improve its net return on invested capital by at least 50 basis points annually beginning in 2013 through increased focus on capital spending and working capital management. As an example, in 2012 we will be reducing capital expenditures by 10% versus 2011. The emphasis is on systematically improving the efficiency of the existing asset base; (Armstrong, 1986) Strategy plan that ensures stakeholders of an organization The newest campaign slogan, introduced this year, is More Happy, which definitely coincides with one concrete example of more in the packaging of Pepsi products today-more designs. Many more. At least 35 distinct design ideas will grace the packaging of Pepsis cans and bottles this year alone, and this design strategy may continue indefinitely Pepsi actually asked their loyal consumers what brand elements would have to remain so that they would be intuitively reassured that their favorite drinks were not changing and the brand they trusted was still essentially the same. Their answer was direct and consistent. Pepsi-lovers needed to see three elements for sure-the Pepsi globe, the iconic Pepsi blue, and the familiar tilted Pepsi capital letters. Television ad campaigns are reinforcing the globe-centric approach by featuring a boulder-sized Pepsi globe in various settings careening to and fro like a pinball. In the ads and on the front of most of the new packages is the reassuring tag line: Same Pepsi inside, new look outside. Miller explains that it is customary and important to reassure consumers for at least six months in situations like this. (Renger, (2002). ) Create options for a strategy plan Hopefully you and your team will come up with several options or solutions to fix the problem you are working on. In evaluating these options or potential solutions, I have found the following criteria to be beneficial: Effectiveness: How likely is it that this solution will get me to the desired situation? Feasibility: How realistic is this solution? How likely is it that this solution can be implemented effectively? Time: How long will it take to implement this solution? How long will it take to get the desired results? Cost: How much will it cost, in money or other resources, to implement this solution? Human resources: How many people will need to be involved to implement this solution? Difficulty or ease of implementation: Overall, how easy or difficult will it be to implement this solution? Risk: How much is at risk in implementing this solution? (Armstrong S. , 1985) Strategy plan ensuring the resource implications. Intensive growth (Identifying the opportunities to achieve further growth within the current business) Product -market expansion grid is useful framework for detecting new intensive growth opportunities. (Conley, 1992, April.) Market penetration strategy (The Company first considers whether it could gain more market share with its current products in the current markets): Headquartered in Purchase, New York, with Research and Development Headquarters in Valhalla. A third force was the perceived synergy between salty snacks and soft drinks. As Kendall succinctly related to Forbes in 1968, Potato chips make you thirsty; Pepsi satisfies thirst. The plan was to jointly market PepsiCos snacks and soft drinks, thereby giving Pepsi a potential advantage in its ongoing battle with Coke. Expand the Global Leadership Position of Our Snacks Business. PepsiCo is the global snacks leader, with the No. 1 savory category share position in virtually every key region across the globe. Ensure Sustainable, Profitable Growth in Global Beverages. When combined with the actions we are taking to refresh their brands across the entire beverage category, they believe this game-changing transaction will enable them to accelerate their top-line growth and also improve their profitability. Unleash the Power of Power of One. The combination of snacks and beverages-with our high-demand global and local brands-makes PepsiCo an essential partner for large-format as well as small-format retailers. Mission, Vision, Objectives of PepsiCo Mission Mission is to be the worlds premier consumer products company focused on convenient foods and beverages. PepsiCo seek to produce financial rewards to investors as they provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which they operate. And in everything do, they strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. Our Vision PepsiCos responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which they operate environment, social, economic creating a better tomorrow than today. Vision is put into action through programs and a focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value by making PepsiCo a truly sustainable company. Objectives At PepsiCo, theyre committed to achieving business and financial success while leaving a positive imprint on society delivering what they call Performance with Purpose. PepsiCo approach to superior financial performance is straightforward drive shareholder value. By addressing social and environmental issues, they also deliver on our purpose agenda, which consists of human, environmental, and talent sustainability. PepsiCos Future management objectives As a global food and beverage company with brands that stand for quality and are respected household names-Pepsi-Cola, Lays, Quaker Oats, Tropicana and Gatorade, to name a few-PepsiCo will continue to build a portfolio of enjoyable and wholesome foods and beverages; find innovative ways to reduce the use of energy, water and packaging; and provide a great workplace for our associates. The Companys operating management structure consists of five geographic groups plus the Minute Maid Company. Name of the group Country/Region The North American Group USA and Canada. The Latin America Group Central and South America The Greater Europe Group Greenland to Russias Far East. The Africa and Middle East Group Middle East and the Africa continent. The Asia Pacific Group From India through the Pacific region . Values and culture of PepsiCo PepsiCos mission is to continue to be the worlds premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. They endeavor to produce financial rewards to investors while providing opportunities for growth and enrichment to their employees, their business partners and the communities in which they operate. In everything the company does, they strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. PepsiCos mission for 2008 was Performance with Purpose which the CEO of PepsiCo Indra K. Nooyi elaborates on when she says this mission combines the two things that define what we do-growing the business, and acting as ethical and responsible citizens of the world The companys values philosophy are centered on being a socially and environmentally responsible company. Therefore every policy it formulates and decision it makes is based on the following guiding principles: * Care for customers, consumers and the world they live in. * Sell only products that they can be proud of.  · Speak with truth and candor. * Balance short term and long term. * Win with diversity and inclusion. * Respect others and succeed together. Evaluation of a strategy plan The introduction stages starts when products lunched in this period sales will be very slow, must of the organization faced negative profit and high cost. There are some stages where organization has to face high risk in innovation of new product. When the coca-cola company launched power the stages are: where high risk product development stage Introduction stage Growth stage After passing these stages product will be in maturity stage where organization make more profit and try to stay in this stage after this stage is decline stage which is also risk and here need to some force/change to stay in maturity stage. (Conley, 1993, April) The action plan, basically developing a very detailed list of to do thing where PepsiCo included task, time and budget or cost framework with relating marketing mix the coca-cola company in estimate the budget and talks in marketing about activities. Implementation of strategy plan Step One: Goal Setting This first step is a bit obvious. PepsiCo have a goal in mind. And PepsiCo see at earlier Coca cola made its goal at early of the year. Step Two: Research Start talking about goal and research what it will take to fulfill it. Step Three: Weigh Options Theres almost never just one way to do something. PepsiCo depend RD in here. Step Four: Direction Now that PepsiCo have a goal, knowledge of that goal, and options towards obtaining it, theyre now ready to decide the best course of action. Step Five: Begin Analysis Current situation Goals Target Customer Key Services Communication Strategy Evaluation Has this type of communications activity taken place before? If so, what was the result? Are PepsiCo seeking to provide new information? PepsiCo target the Customer with the market segmentation. Motivate the customer Fit with the resources PepsiCo already have. can learn how plan worked with various Customer, What are your major communications opportunities? Are PepsiCo calling the audience to action? PepsiCo focus on the Customer Keep in mind that consumer PepsiCos best assets. are the most effective communications vehicles to reach target Customer which activities had the most impact Define your communications challenge Are PepsiCo seeking to change behavior? PepsiCo develop strategy to implement this quickly. What are the Customer knowledge regarding PepsiCo. Helps to achieve goals and deliver the outcomes you wan which parts of the plan failed Many people fail at this step. It can be relatively easy to make a plan up to this point. But, heres where its time to put in the work. Step Six: Adapting The most successful people in the world are those that can adapt to current situations. Sometimes opportunities will open up and youll need to revise your plan to take advantage of them. Communications plan in a tabular format to support the roll out of the plan Monitoring and Evaluation system of PepsiCo Scenario Planning: Scenarios are realistic descriptions of the organizations possible futures that allow the scenario team to set aside its individual and organizational assumptions about how the external environment will operate and explore new ones PepsiCo is constantly aware of the link between its strategy and the changing future, thus, itself for the ifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦then probable future. This is exemplified it its mission statement, thus: Benchmarking is the comparison of performance in one organization or part of an organization against that in another, with a view to finding ways of improving performance. This avails the company the opportunity to take corrective measures actions. Experience to Strategy Plan A business strategist can be regarded as the leader of an expedition to find the highest elevations on a companys fitness landscape. Fog prevents the hikers from seeing more than a few feet in front of themselves. What can be done when things look so hazy? Biologists have identified key rules that evolution uses to find high peaks. Managers too can use them. The first rule is that evolutionary searches never stop. No matter how successful a strategy is at a given moment, a business must experiment constantly to find something better. Another key principle is parallelism. The entire expedition should not explore the same region. Instead, many search parties should spread out from the base camp to explore the shifting terrain and bring back news of discoveries. (Cook, 1988) Effective strategy formulation is about Building collective intuition Encouraging healthy conflict Maintaining a pace so that decisions are taken within a stipulated time Defusing political behavior. Conclusion This strategic plan articulates for the PepsiCo community and for our constituents an understanding of who we are, what we do, and the values by which we define ourselves. It articulates as well our ambitious aspiration, five key goals we believe we must meet in order to achieve that aspiration, and an assessment of where the PepsiCo stands today as we rededicate ourselves to these shared objectives. The plan does not reflect everything that the PepsiCo hopes to do over the next five years; nor does it represent an irrevocably fixed set of directives, since the planning process must be dynamic and adaptable. It will, however, serve-at the PepsiCo level and also at the collegiate, departmental, and unit levels, where so many of the important decisions of the PepsiCo are made-as the framework according to which we will make difficult decisions, focus our resources, and thereby advance the PepsiCos distinction as a leader in higher education. Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any license, franchise, permit, certificate, approval or other similar authorization affecting, or relating in any way to, the assets or business of the Company and its Subsidiaries or (d) result in the creation or imposition of any Lien on any asset of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, with only such exceptions, in the case of each of clauses (b) through (d), as would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect on the Company or prevent or materially impede, interfere with, hinder or delay the consummation of the Merger

Serial Killers Essay -- Can Biology make us Murderers?

"One must feel sorry for those who have strange tastes, but never insult them. Their wrong is Nature's too; they are no more responsible for having come into the world with tendencies unlike ours than are we for being born bandy-legged or well-proportioned". Marquis de Sade (1740-1814), "Dialogue the Fifth" (1795). If who we are and what we do originates in the brain, than the structure of and the occurrences therein can explain for our entire catalogue of personalities and behaviors. However, what about deviant behavior and personalities? If deviation implies wrong or inaccurate behavior, is there something wrong or inaccurate in the brains of those who are devious? The possibility seems immanent, but also too easy. Surely there must be something wrong with someone who is extremely violent, or hurts individuals in ways our society will not allow. There are few things more repellent to 'human nature' and morality than the concept of a serial killer. What is different about the brains of these individuals whom our society finds unforgivable and unredeemable predators? Society might find a biological reason for such atrocities more comfortable than the prospects of 'good and evil' or a mistake. This paper will catalogue and attempt to organize the current biological differences between our minds and that of a serial killer. Can Biology make us Murderers? Recent reports in science have found discrete locations in the brain that are used in intricate systems that serve as the human moral compass (1).Changes in the brain have long been known to change the behaviors of a man. In the famous example of Phineas Gage, an accident at his job caused an iron rod to pierce through Gage's skull. Gage was able to stand and speak a... ...ield. http://www.channel4.com/science/microsites/E/equinox/psyc_transcript.html 7)Towards a Unified Theory of William Jefferson Clinton, It was tough sifting through all the sites on serial killers that offered no real information (and there were a Lot of them seeing that there is a strange subculture around the topic). Strangely enough, I found many sites that showed up on search engines under the word 'psychopath' that focused on the Clinton Administration. I was surprised (as much as a Republican can be.) Needless to say, the more intelligent ones had information that pertained to my topic. This was one of them. http://zolatimes.com/v3.13/unified_clinton.htm 8)Psychopaths: Findings Point to Brain Differences, A short article directly pertaining to my topic. Robert Hare is one of the leading figures in this field. http://www.crime-times.org/97b/w97bp4.htm

The Rise of Event Industry

Introduction To Event Report The Rise Of Event Industry And Event Tourism YinJin Chen (Damon) 2-6 Words Count: 2052 words Date: 20 October, 2012 Table Of Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Chapter One: Events place today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 People activities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Government Support†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Important for local†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Chapter Two: Events and Environment Sustainability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Important for Environment Sustainability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Effects to environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 What measures we can do?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The biggest challenges that we faced†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Chapter Three: The events effects on society in future†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Positive effects †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Negative effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Events industry in 20 years†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Introduction In today’s society background, people become to pay more attention for the development of event industry and event tourism. For the past years, you might not have any concept about event, perhaps you also did not notice that event occurred in the world every single minute.Event has already into our life and people play different roles in it. Based on size and impact, we describe and categories them such as Mega-Events, for example Olympic Games, World Cup. Hallmark Events which like China Spring Festival, The Water-sprinkling Festival. Major Events such as Golf open championship, Formula one racing. General speaking, the emergence of the events and which process of developing affects our life. What benefits that events bring to us? what disadvantages that events cause? In the following report, I am going to analysis the imp ortance of the events industry’s in today’s Society.What measures can an event take in order to achieve environmental sustainability? How does events industry effects our society in the future. Chapter one Special events can include national days and celebrations, important civic occasions, unique cultural performances, major sporting fixtures, corporate functions, trade promotions and product launches (Bowdin et al, 2011). It looks like that we can see events are everywhere and today it has became a growth industry. For example, as News reported that for recent Olympic Games held which attract more and more countries and athletes to participate in it.At the same time, the number of audience has also been increasing year by year. Such as the 2012 Olympics Games in London, Chinese audiences in China in order to watch the games on TV that do not care about time difference. The emergence of events bring a large number of tourists to host venue, tourists make consumption o n local and at the same time TV ratings increase has brought big income which direct cause huge economic growth. Government play an important role in Events, sometimes government gives money and policy support to organizers, sometimes governments may also themselves be event producers or host organizations.For example, Mega-events like Olympic Games, World Cup. For event tourism, Governments invested in the development of event tourism, which give money support, contributed important to events specific needs infrastructure, for example, exhibition centers and stadiums. In the specific case of China, for example, there was only one convention and exhibition center larger than 50,000 square meters in 1992. By 2003 this number had risen to 16(Kaye, 2005). Events are also important for local community, as we know Hallmark Events, for example Chinese New year, The water-sprinkling Festival in Thai, The Munich Oktoberfest.These kind of festivals attract foreign tourism and mercy fund-rais ing. That is reason why those places of their communities that can still continue a century later for many of these festivals. Chapter two The real question regarding environmental sustainable is â€Å"What are we going to leave to future generations†. Today more people realized that if we keep developing our world which like what we did before, we need more than one earth to provide resources to maintain our life. So this just makes us to realized the importance of sustainable development.At the moment when we development of events, we also bring some impacts to the environment at the same time. For example, when we are building a conference and exhibition center, we have to concern about carbon emissions because of the engineering machinery we are using. How to correctly deal with construction waste is also a serious problem. As time moves on, the term â€Å"green events† have entered the events industry to generally refer to control the negative environmental impact s of events, including carbon reduction, recycling, waste reduction and so on.Olympic Games is one of famous Mega-events. The Centennial Olympic Congress, Congress of Unity, held in Paris in 1994, recognized the importance of the environment and sustainable development, which led to the inclusion of a paragraph in Rule 2 of the Olympic Charter (Olympic. org, unknown time). The IOC(International Olympic Committee) has admitted its specific function to promote sustainable development and to take the environment as the third dimension of the Olympic spirit, sports and culture. Event greening is not rocket science; it is common sense if you care about people and our planet.It should also make financial sense, and build a positive brand, with many other benefits unfolding as it becomes a standard way of doing business. However, it is essential that it is incorporated into the core function of the event, and should not be an afterthought or an add-on at the last minute (Plato, 2010). It i s very important that environmental sustainability are included right from the start, even in the tender process for larger events. High-level support is essential and an appropriate budget to make sure that events greening process is successful.To ensure the successful implementation of event- greening strategy, there are some processes we can do. Preparation As an events organizer, firstly we have to set up a green team, not only one person. Everyone in this team is playing each role. For example, the green team could include managers, high-level decision makers, managers, environmental experts, and key operational staff relating to aspects such as venues, transport, communication and so on. Making events green should not be the responsibility of only one person, but is a team effort including all the different role players. PlanningThe second step is to determine the main principles and these principles should be supported by go through a simple greening policy to show what you w ant to achieve. This can be given to sponsors and suppliers, so that they are also encouraged to consider their environmental impact, and to keep your policy. Implementation The third step is to ensure the planning into real action. If more people participate, it will make the task much easier. Encourage participants to get actively involved in greening initiatives, and ensure that they are aware of process and know how they can contribute.Staff and team members should be informed about the greening plan, and their in the process should be clued. Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring and evaluation in the green event is a very necessary conditions, it should be applied to and continuous development. In the detailed plan, the early event middle and late relates in together. This can guarantee information in the implementation process will not be misunderstood. I think the biggest challenges for us to do is that when an event has finished, if we consider sustainability, it is important to take into ccount the positive long-term impact or legacy of event on the host city or community. Like how to strengthen the social impact, such as community involvement and fair employment. Balancing with increase local economic, social and environmental benefits. Chapter 3 Events can have some positive and negative social impacts in the future. Cooper et al. (2005,pp. 246-247) have identified the following positive generic social impacts of tourism that can also be ascribed to events. * The fostering of community/ civic pride. Creating sociocultural awareness and peace. * Shared infrastructure. * Direct sociocultural support. (Raj & Musgrave, 2009) According to the above, events can let people fell the real life. This will motivate and assist the host feel proud, and provide a better experience for the participants. Events can bring people to new places and give them more understanding and knowledge of cultures and environments. This can be looked as a process of education, if leader do like this properly, it can make our society has more awareness, sympathy and admiration.Events can make countries bring more culture exchange, so that the participants and the local community can promote peaceful development. When events host in a developing country, for example, the FIFA 2010 World Cup in South Africa, The local infrastructure according to the requests of events construction, so this can make people to improve the quality of life by enjoy these improved facilities. These infrastructures include improving sports venues, airport and public transportation construction. The different events can provide funds to help local charities, conserve natural and culture sites and restore heritage sites.The revenue comes from events held in the goods sold and tickets cost can be donated to the local charity organization. Events can also have negative impacts in future, it can effects to participants, stakeholders and host local community. Events participants from other country that sometimes their behaviors can bring a detrimental impact on quality of life for the local community. For example, such as crowding and congestion will happen in future. In some country, local people has being displaced from their land in order to build new facilities construction.For example like Olympic games. How to deal with the Games infrastructure after games, especially new venues. More attention needs to be paid like after Olympic Games end, charge the regional and venues fees whether can provide sustainable returns and make community benefit. If such facilities do not have a significant post-Games use they can become ‘white elephants’, and a burden to the taxpayers (Cashman, 2002). One question we have to think about which is after Olympic games, do we have to put money in to maintain the venues? If we need, making money cost effective.Sydney’s Aquatic Centre is a good example of a dual purpose venue in that it housed both the best facilitie s for elite sport as well as sport for all venue, which included play areas for children. The future of the Main Stadium, by contrast, is more problematic. There is the initial cost of reconfiguring the Stadium, reducing its capacity from 120,000 to 80,000 and then there is the problem of finding sufficient tenants to make the Stadium cost efficient (Searle, 2002) In my opinion, events industry in future 20 years will be a lot of changes.Because events of the future will need to adapt and evolve to respond to economic, environmental, social and technological changes. As we think an event has to think green today and even more in future. Events bring our environment negative effects gradually reduce and make more contribution to make our environment sustainability. Events of scale will be increased and countless of new themes will be gave out. Events industry comprehensive rise up and become the important part of the tourism economic. ConclusionAs the Olympic Games has been hosting s uccessfully, people become to pay more attention about events industry. Events is developing gradually and become more important. But in its development process we also see negative effects for our environment and society. But I believe that in the events industry development process of future, the organizers will be more efficient to manage it in order to make event industry better. Reference List Bowdin, G. , Allen, J. , O’Toole, W. , Harris, R. , McDonnell, I. , (2011). Events management. 3rd ed.Great Britain, Elsevier. Cooper, C. , Fletcher, J. , Fyall, A. , Gilbert, D. and Wanhill, S. (2005). Tourism Principles and Practice, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, London. Cashman, Richard (2002): Impact of the Games on Olympic host cities: university lecture on the Olympics [online article]. Barcelona :Centre d'Estudis Olimpics (UAB). International Chair in Olympism (IOC-UAB). Available from: ;http://olympicstudies. uab. es/lectures/web/pdf/cashman. pdf; [Date of publication:2002] Kaye, A. (2005). China’s convention and exhibition center boom.Journal of Convention ; Event Tourism, 7(1), 5-22. Olympic. org. Mission [Internet] Sport and environment commission: Available from: ; http://www. olympic. org/sport-environment-commission? tab=mission; Plato, D,. (2010). Smart Events HANDBOOK: How to implement event greening. Cape Town, Independent publisher. Raj, R. and Musgrave, J. (2009). Event Management and Sustainability. CAB International, London. Searle, Glen (2002): Uncertain legacy: Sydney’s Olympic stadium. European planning studies, vol. 10, no. 7, p. 845-60.