Conglomerate Essay

Palestinian Conflict essays

The Origins of Israeli/Palestinian Conflict papers The causes of the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict For the greater part of the previous century, Middle East has been the focal point of savagery and butchery. The Palestinians and the Israelis-two people groups battling about one land. A large portion of us has grown up watching and finding out about these two gatherings and their conflicts. We find out about the attack and the slaughter of the Palestinian domain and individuals by the Israeli fighters. Or then again we catch wind of the self destruction bombings did by Palestinian men, ladies, and even youngsters nowadays. With all the outrage and ill will that exists between these two individuals, one may think about whether this chaos will ever be settled. Be that as it may, before we start searching for arrangements, lets take a gander at how everything began. The underlying foundations of the difficult goes back to late 1800s with the formation of a development called Zionism. The development began predominantly among European and Russian Jews who required a national home for Jews in Palestine. The idea of Zionism was raised by a Viennese columnist named Theordor Herzl in 1896. In his book, Der Judenstaat, he brought to the universes consideration that the Jews ought to have their own sovereign country state. (Schafer) Jewish cases were that the Palestinian grounds were guaranteed to them by God and that they reserve an option to come back to their guaranteed land. Hence, they began moving to Palestine. Colossal parcels were purchased by rich European Jews which permitted them to fabricated networks. Gradually however consistently the quantity of workers expanded to the point that they were confronted with restriction from the Palestinians. (Schafer) Toward the start of World War I, the British domains reliance on Suez trench and Persian Gulf expanded with their essence in India. They were confronted with resistance when the Ottoman Empire, who controlled the Middle East district, united with Germany. In this way, the British, so as to fortify its situation in the district, searched for help from Jewish I... <!

The Role of Classical Conditioning in Taste Aversions

The Role of Classical Conditioning in Taste Aversions Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Avoidance of Certain Foods and Classical Conditioning By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 16, 2019 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc / Blend Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology A conditioned taste aversion involves the avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food. These aversions are a great example of how classical conditioning can result in changes in behavior, even after only one incidence of feeling ill. How Do Conditioned Taste Aversions Work? Have you ever gotten ill after eating something and later found that just the thought of that food made you feel a bit queasy? This is a great example of what is often referred to as a conditioned taste aversion. A conditioned taste aversion can occur when eating a substance is followed by illness. For example, if you ate sushi for lunch and then became ill, you might avoid eating sushi in the future, even if it had no relationship to your illness. While it might seem expected that we would avoid foods that were immediately followed by illness, research has shown that the consumption of the food and the onset of the illness do not need to necessarily occur close together. Conditioned taste aversions can develop even when there is a long delay between the neutral stimulus (eating the food) and the unconditioned stimulus (feeling sick). In classical conditioning, conditioned food aversions are examples of single-trial learning. Just one pairing of the previously neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus can establish an automatic response. Examples of Conditioned Taste Aversion Imagine that you are on vacation and eat a chicken enchilada at a restaurant. Hours after eating the enchilada, you become violently ill. For years after that incident, you might be unable to bring yourself to eat a chicken enchilada and may even feet queasy when you smell foods that remind you of that particular dish. This conditioned taste aversion can occur even when you know that your illness is not connected to eating that particular item. In reality, you might be fully aware that you picked up a nasty stomach virus from one of your traveling companions who had been ill just days before the trip. Consider your own aversions to certain foods. Can you link your distaste for particular items to a period of illness, queasiness, or nausea? People may find that they avoid very specific types of food for years simply because they consumed that particular item before they  became ill. Conditioned taste aversions are quite common and can last for days to several years. Understanding Taste Aversions Can taste aversions occur both consciously and unconsciously? In many cases, people may be completely unaware of the underlying reasons for their dislike of a type of food. Why do these taste aversions occur, especially when we consciously realize that the illness was not tied to a particular food? Conditioned taste aversions are a great example of some of the fundamental mechanics of classical conditioning. The previously neutral stimulus (the food) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (an illness), which leads to an unconditioned response (feeling sick).After this one-time pairing, the previously neutral stimulus (the food) is now a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response (avoiding the food). Is that all there is to these conditioned taste aversions? The scenario described above does not exactly fit with the standard expectations for classical conditioning. First of all, the conditioning occurred after just a single pairing of the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Second, the time span between the neutral stimulus and UCS is usually just a matter of seconds. In the case of a conditioned taste aversion, the time-lapse often amounts to several hours. While it may seem to violate the general principles of classical conditioning, researchers have been able to demonstrate the effects of conditioned taste aversions in experimental settings. In one such experiment, psychologist John Garcia fed flavored water (a previously neutral stimulus) to lab rats. Several hours later, the rats were injected with a substance (the UCS) that made them ill. Later, when the rats were offered flavored water, they refused to drink it. Explaining Conditioned Taste Aversions Because Garcia’s research contradicted much of what was previously understood about classical conditioning, many psychologists were unconvinced by the results. Pavlov had suggested that any neutral stimulus could elicit a conditioned response. If that were true, then why would the feelings of sickness be associated with the food that was eaten hours earlier? Wouldnt the illness be associated with something that had happened right before the symptoms occurred? Taste aversions do not fit comfortably within the present framework of classical or instrumental conditioning, Garcia noted. These aversions selectively seek flavors to the exclusion of other stimuli. Interstimulus intervals are a thousand-fold too long. What Garcia and other researchers were able to demonstrate was that in some cases, the type of neutral stimulus used does have an influence on the conditioning process. So why does the type of stimulus matter so much in this particular case? One part of the explanation lies in the concept of biological preparedness. Essentially, virtually every organism is biologically predisposed to create certain associations between certain stimuli. If an animal eats food and then becomes ill, it might be very important to the animals continued existence to avoid such foods in the future. These associations are frequently essential for survival, so it is no wonder they form easily. A Word From Verywell Classical conditioning can have a powerful influence on behavior. As conditioned taste aversions so clearly demonstrate, sometimes learning can occur very quickly (after only a single instance). The next time you find yourself avoiding a particular food, consider the role that a conditioned aversion may have played in your dislike for that particular item.

Erich Remarque s The Red Badge Of Courage Essay - 1873 Words

Erich Remarque-A. Wheen-John Groth - Printed at the Spiral Press for the individuals from the Limited Editions Club – 1969. Looked into By, Michael Anderson, Shepherd University. Erich Maria Remarque was conceived in Osnabruck, Germany, in 1898 into a lower-working class family. In 1916, he was drafted into the German armed force to battle in World War I, in which he was gravely injured. Ten years after the war finished, he distributed I m Western Nights Neuse, converted into English a year later as All Quiet on the Western Front, a novel about the encounters of conventional German fighters amid the war. In spite of the fact that different books, most strikingly Stephen Crane s The Red Badge of Courage (1895), had investigated the viciousness and severity of war in a sensible light, the abstract convention of war stories still tended overwhelmingly toward romanticized beliefs of eminence, enterprise, and respect. In introducing his dismally reasonable variant of an officer s experience, Remarque stripped the common sentimentalism from the war story in the staunchly antiwar All Quiet on the Western Front. The novel immediately turned into a universal, widely praised achievement. An American motion picture in light of the book was discharged in 1930. After Adolf Hitler s ascent to control in Germany in the mid-1930s, the furiously nationalistic Nazi administration assaulted All Quiet on the Western Front and Remarque as unpatriotic. Remarque made no endeavor to opposeShow MoreRelatedA Comparison between the Two Novels The Red Badge of Courage and All Quiet on The Western Front990 Words   |  4 Pagesfeelings and also shows how they are killed indiscriminately in war. Finally the line ironically contains an iambic pentameter which is a natural rhythm for such dark, grim, dull subject. The two novels, The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, and All Quiet on The Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, both present a similar idea of how soldiers are killed out there in the front comprehensively and the dehumanization of war towards its soldiers. The first novel is set during the Civil War, and it focuses

No Child By Nilaja Sun - 1059 Words

The play â€Å"No Child†, written by Nilaja Sun showcases a teacher, Ms. Sun as a teaching artist who is under a grant to facilitate the production of a play, teaching and encouraging live theoretical performances in a dysfunctional environment.No Child is a reflection of Nilaja Sun’s experiences as a teaching artist in the public school system in New York. In the play Ms. Sun brings a senses of hope and inspiration not only to the students but to the teachers as well in one of the toughest classrooms of Malcolm X High School, in Bronx, New York. The narrator of the play is a observant Janitor of the Malcolm X High School. Since he has been performing his job related duties as a janitor he witnessed the struggles and obstacle faced by the school and students. No Child accurately illustrates students, teachers and communities imprisoned by a corrupted public school system. The readers are introduced to Ms. Sun in Scene Three in the beginning of the play. Her intentions were to go into one of the worst class room throughout the school and have the students participate in Timberlake Wertenbaker’s Our Country’s Good in six weeks. Considering the fact that Malcolm x High School is not a performing arts school, she insisted on connecting with the students and obtaining their interest. She also encouraged the kids to invite their family and friends to the performance. At first the students were opposed to acting in a play and thought the play was rediculous. The students hadShow MoreRelatedThe Gripping Play That Has Sparked Controversy No Child By Nilaja Sun855 Words   |  4 PagesIn the gripping play that has sparked controversy No Child . . . by Nilaja Sun, the harsh realities and heart brakes of intercity life is laid at the feet of its audience. The story is set in a culturally diverse high school in the Bronx, setting the stage for a group of unforgettably characters that can be easily identified with and the wise janitor who acts as the narrator of this play. Ms. Sun is an optimistic public school teacher, who refuses to see anything in her precious students but unrecognizedRead MoreFactors that Create Limitations to the Students when Pursuing Life Opportunities1423 Words   |  6 Pagessubstantial. As this problem creates a concern over the actual education that our student’s receive, an act named No Child Left Behind was passed. An act promising that all students will receive an adequate education. ​ In order to become prepared for the future and earn opportunities to rise to success, the new generation needs to be provided with an adequate education. No Child Left Behind is an act passed by President George W. Bush in his attempt to educate, which according to him, â€Å"The too

Exploring The Arts And Its Different Concepts Art Essay Free Essays

Every twenty-four hours forenoon, many people enjoy sitting outside watching dawn. They feel relaxed seeing the reaching of the Sun with its pure visible radiation and the travelling of the dark with its darkness. They consider that a new life will get down as the Sun starts her new life. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring The Arts And Its Different Concepts Art Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not merely they watch the Sun, many people enjoy pulling this position because they will experience for one time that their heads are relaxed and non believing except in this new Born. This research highlights over the importance of art in our day-to-day life. It besides recalls us about the different types of art and how each of them depends on particular creative person and particular instruments used. In this research we will besides cognize the relation between colourss and how colourss are grouped in two. Besides we will detect that art is most of import than what we consider because we see art everyplace and each twenty-four hours because every thing in life is an graphics. Introduction †Art is your emotions fluxing in a river of imaginativeness † . If you stand for a minute in front any work of art, which has many forms and many line can non be described, you start to conceive of things by walking on that lines and forms seeking to link them to acquire a specific form done from your imaginativeness. What if the image is a dawn? You will get down believing in every unhappiness or happiness things that happened to you. No one these yearss knows the truly importance of art. Art is everyplace in the full universe. It is one ‘s creativeness and imaginativeness. Art is the most things you use and see ever without paying attending to that. If you want to cognize what does art intend? You have to look at every thing environing you, at every thing you use in your day-to-day life, you will detect that every thing you see shows an art, particularly your apparels, your hair design, your places etc†¦ All of them are humanistic disciplines. Art help us see everything and everyone wholly different. Art is non a reading to acquire world-weary or listening to acquire epileptic, it ‘s something which opens to us a field of inquiries and replies to things we see. That ‘s up to us. It does n’t enforce itself on us to hear, believe, or even understand ; on the contrary it takes us to a long-lost universe, to a fiction universe, to a field of ideas. Art can be in different signifiers audio like music, vocals, and verse forms. Visual as movie devising, picture taking and picture, they differ depending on creative person, manner and stuff used Audio humanistic disciplines are the most used type of art. They can be in the signifier of music, vocal or poesies. They help in loosen uping one ‘s head. Music is thought to associate all of the emotional and physical elements of the existence. Music can besides be used to alter individual ‘s temper, and has been found to do like physical responses in many people at the same time. Music besides has the ability to beef up or weaken emotions from a peculiar event such as a funeral. ( Stancato, 2009 ) Furthermore the vocal, which is another type of audio art, has physiological effects excessively. Try for one time to cognize what does successful and motivated people listen to, you will be amazed that they tend to particular type of vocals and music! You will ne’er happen a self-motivated individual who does non listen to actuating vocals. Although romantic individuals listen to particular type of vocals and music, they listen to classical and romantic 1s. Poetries a re besides a 3rd type of audio art. The writer verse form expresses his feeling in his Hagiographas. They are similar to composing vocals, and can be sung excessively. Both poesies and vocals depend on music to be sang, they need an creative person holding soft voice and the author ‘s head and write excessively. But music does n’t necessitate any of them. Music needs different musical instruments like piano, guitar and others. In add-on to different instrument, they come in different times. Ocular humanistic disciplines are popular art. They differ from the audio art.aa‚ ¬A? Artists topographic point images, signifiers, colourss, thoughts, down in such a manner that can be communicated with you the spectator. When you read the work it will function your apprehension in a battalion of vivacious ways. It will get down to do sense, in some instances a perverse sort of sense. An creative person will take you on a trip around his work. He will state you what to position and in what order. He will try to arouse a assortment of responses, even negative 1s. He will appeal to your sense of admiration. This graphics will and should inquire as many inquiries of both the mind and the emotions as it answers.aa‚ ¬A? ( simm ) . This is true of all art. In the ocular humanistic disciplines, picture, picture taking, movie devising, there is no replacement for looking. The assorted theories of Emotional Color will, normally all unknown to the spectator, play an progressiv ely of import function. What are these theories? Red for danger, black for decease and morbidity, in the western universe at least, are two of the most obvious. The Madonna ‘s hood in a spiritual picture is ever a certain blue. This was originally produced from a semi cherished rock called Lapis Lazuli before the coming of chemical pigment. The emotional facets of this should be obvious. Warm colourss, reds oranges, yellows appear to come towards the spectator and are on juncture welcoming. The cool colourss, blues, some leafy vegetables appear to withdraw. Atmospheric or aerial position is used by creative persons in this mode to arouse a feeling of distance or enormousness. Have you of all time considered why a certain type of music is called the blues? Or why colourss themselves are thought to sing? Why certain colour combinations are called Complimentary. ( These are the antonyms on the colour wheel, a primary with a secondary, Red and Green, Yellow and Purple, Blue and Or ange ) . ( simm ) Painting, picture taking and filmmaking differ in the instrument used and in the manner each is viewed. Painting is the craftsmans pulling utilizing his colourss, coppices and his broad idea. The craftsman ‘s pulling depends on his temper and on what type of colourss he likes more. Whereas picture taking is to capture astonishing images utilizing a particular instrument, the camera or the picture excessively. Film doing requires neither colourss nor camera. They need a narrative to be acted. Besides it needs the author and the histrion. Hence art is cosmopolitan, and is everyplace. Not merely art is for one who exercise a work art and like it. It is for everyone. Art is more of import so one can see. Without art one can non see any thing beautiful because art attention deficit disorder attractive force and beauty to any thing one can look at, even if he look at himself. Besides art reflects to us the temper and the feelings of the creative person so that if he ‘s happy he will make something astonish or funny, and if he is disquieted he will utilize to make things which would keep you to another universe of thinks. Some one said â€Å" Art is the lone manner to run off without go forthing place † . This quotation mark is particular and is the truth because when you feel disquieted what is the first thing you resort to? Certain it ‘s listening music, playing piano, dancing, pulling†¦ etc and others because you will non go forth place in a bad temper. All what you will make is a subdivision of art, because art is the best manner to experience that you are relaxed since it helps you to believe profoundly about your jobs. Besides art may assist you bury everything depressed you because your head will be as a winging bird, from tree to corner, seeking for a topographic point where he will experience safe from the dangers of life. So art is really of import because it translates one ‘s feelings and portions his emotions without upseting him, on the contrary it helps him experience better and bury every thing dejecting him. Another illustration is when a adult male see a beautiful adult female, he will run after her until she accepts to run into him or to give him her figure, but if he see an ugly miss, he will alter his manner because he acquire disgusted. So art is really of import in our life, because without art universe will be so fed up, down and bored. 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Toyota Supply Chain Management

Introduction Supply Chain Management is the management of activities (both up-stream and down-stream) involved in the production of goods and services for the ultimate consumption of the end-user. The management of these activities plays a very important role in the profitability and survival of an organization, to such an extent that its failure may mean the failure of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is especially true in the present competitive business environment. Toyota motor industry has realized the importance of efficiently managing its supply chain in order to keep its costs and prices low and ultimately remain competitive in the overall motor vehicle industry from experience. Toyota has achieved this so successfully that other organizations, even those outside the industry, have taken its measures and implemented them in their own production systems (Toyota, 2011). History and Background of Toyota Japanese known as Kiichiro Toyoda started Toyota in 1937. The company first landed in America in 1957. Seven years later, it was already competing with the domestic manufactures quite fairly. Toyota has since grown to become the leading carmaker in the world, ahead of other giants in the industry, for instance, General Motors. It has since started manufacturing plants in North American states such as Alabama, Indiana, Texas, Mississippi, Kentucky, California and West Virginia. Its growth has also seen the increase in the models of vehicles it produces for instance Prius, Corolla, Innova, landcruiser, Lexus, Camry, Fortuner and many more (Toyota, 2011). To say the least, Toyota has redefined the motor vehicle manufacturing industry through low cost production, numerous models and the spread of its activities around the globe. The Toyota Way/Toyota Production System has not only transformed the motor veh icle manufacturing industry but has been providing guidance on management issues for the past 5 decades or so. Other firms across all industries are increasingly adopting the principles provided in the Toyota Production System in their quest for managerial effectiveness and efficiency (Toyota, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Supply Chain in Toyota Toyota has a reputation world over for its unique Supply Chain Management system known as the Just-In-Time system or the Toyota Production System. Theirs is a method of obtaining raw materials at exact time of need and in exactly the amount required and producing finished products in exactly the right quantity. This helps to avoid overproduction. Selling them at the right time to the right customer minimizes waste. This method identified wastes that otherwise go unnoticed as waste. However, its impact to the cost of producti on is tremendous. They include; transportation, motion, wait, inventory, over production, over processing and defects. Its main goal involves avoiding these wastes. Kiichiro Toyoda first introduced this method and besides starting the Toyota Company, it is perhaps his greatest contribution. In addition to the JIT system, Toyota applies the V4L principles in managing its supply chain. The V4L principles include the following (Toyota, 2011). 1. Variety in the products developed in order to meet a wide range of market demand therefore ensuring that Toyota has a large market share. Variety also ensures that all the stakeholders (suppliers included) are involved to ensure that the information provided clearly depicts the needs of the market. As a result, Toyota is able to produce/manufacture vehicles that are suitable for use by different members of the population across the globe. This involvement of different stakeholders in the development of new products creates balance in the produc tion system by helping to avoid waste and consequently reduces the cost of production (Halldorsson et al. 2007). 2. Velocity of the production flow is another key principle. Toyota uses a rate-based approach in enhancing the speed of production. Along with high levels of automation, this approach enables Toyota to mass produce vehicles and is therefore able to deliver its products, according to demand.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Toyota also has established distribution channels structured around its numerous manufacturing plants all around the globe and therefore ensuring efficiency and effectiveness in the distribution of its automobiles (Burt, Petcavage and Pinkerton, 2010). 3. Toyota is also very keen when it comes to the variability of deliveries and orders. It seeks to reduce variability and consequently reduce supply cost. For instance, m ost of its vehicles spare parts. With this concept, the number of suppliers greatly reduces and the cost involved too. Visibility- this means that Toyota scientifically controls all processes to ensure that they are right and to enhance the process of learning from the processes (Burt, Petcavage and Pinkerton, 2010). Development of New Products Toyota is among the leading investors in research and development with their research and development budget being billions of dollars in North America alone per year. However, this is not the only avenue that Toyota relies on when it comes to developing new products. It relies heavily on the information that the various stakeholders collect from the market. With this information, Toyota is able to produce products that suit the diverse needs of its customers. Supply Chain Management ensures quality in new products development through supplying quality raw materials, employing superior material handling methods to avoid damage, acquiring the services of reliable suppliers and providing feedback to enhance production (Toyota, 2011). Purchase of Capital Equipment Toyota applies its lean system of Supply Chain Management in all its production area. Purchasing of capital equipment is amongst those areas. Toyota buys machines, plant and hires employees on a need-to basis.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This involves replacing the machines and hiring employees in a controlled manner to continue with optimum production immediately and at the same time avoid idle machines and labor. Toyota procures capital equipment mainly through tendering or using previous suppliers who have had a relationship with the company in the past. Outsourcing Outsourcing has become a trend in today’s business environment and Toyota is no exception of the firms that are increasingly outsourcing goods and services. It is not possible for the firm to produce every component that it requires in the production of its vehicles and even if it was possible to produce all this components it would be more expensive as it may mean having other all different plans and work set-ups (Halldorsson et al. 2007). Outsourcing also allows the firm to concentrate on the core business of the firm and hence giving the firm room to be more efficient and effective in doing its core business. It also allows the firm to gain access to higher-level expertise and experience. This may be unavailable within its staff or which is expensive to employ. Other benefits include legality of the process done on contractual basis, risk avoidance, tax benefit, commoditization and many more. An example of components that the firm outsources includes wheels and oil. Toyota, a multi-national company, gets its suppliers all over the word as long as they provide what the company requires and for a reasonable price in accordance with the firm’s intentions (Liker, 2004). Legal and Contract Issues Since Toyota is a multinational company, it has to be very carefully in the implications of the different legal climates on its activities. It also has to take caution so that its activities do not adversely affect any third party and the environment in which it operates. Therefore, Toyota exercises careful measure such as signing of contracts between the firm and its customers before effecting transactions and bearing losse s that may arise from the sale of erroneous vehicles. To this effect, Toyota has severally recalled defective vehicles for repair consequently incurring the costs involved in order to avoid lawsuits (Halldorsson et al. 2007). Toyota is also a heavy investor in the campaign on preserving the environment. It is in fact among the first automobile manufacturer to direct its efforts at manufacturing eco-friendly vehicles especially with the introduction of its Prius model. Moreover, it has a very strong legal department, which irons out any legal issues that the firm may face. In addition, all of its transactions with outside parties are on contractual basis. This helps to seal any legal loopholes that may arise. Production and Inventory Control Measures Toyota Production System requires great measure in controlling the inventory. This is because the firm operates at the least inventory level possible. If not well managed Toyota Production System could end achieving the exact opposite of what it was initially intended to achieve. This could be in form of very low inventory levels such that it leads to production paralysis. This could lead to delayed delivery of finished goods to customers and therefore loss of market share and goodwill and ultimately the risk of having to stop operating altogether. Therefore, Toyota employs Toyota Production System carefully so that the firm does not risk falling out of business. Moreover, the firm has to have trusted suppliers for it to implement the Toyota Production System successfully. This is because suppliers are an integral part of this type of supply chain in that they tend to interact with the firm on a more frequent basis unlike in other Supply Chain Management Systems (Toyota, 2011). Scheduling Scheduling involves deciding when to make a certain program and which staff and machines to use in the process of making the product. It is a very important function of a production process because it helps to reduce the costs of production and the time used in the production of a certain product. This process perfectly fits into the Toyota Production System as it seeks to eliminate waste of both time and costs same as the Toyota Production System. Toyota use both forward and backward scheduling, whereby it produce some vehicles based on the orders placed (backward scheduling) and others it produces based on resources availability (forward scheduling). This ensures that it delivers the vehicle ordered on time and at the most efficient cost possible and at the same time produce other vehicles such as new unknown models to cater for those customers who have not placed orders. However, with the increased demand for customization of vehicles and other goods for that matter, backward scheduling is better preferred to forward scheduling to achieve customer satisfaction (Halldorsson et al. 2007). Product scheduling helps to increase efficiency in the production process by saving both time and resources. It also hel ps achieve customer satisfaction and hence loyalty by helping to fulfill the firm’s delivery dates immediately, this helps the firm to maintain its market share. Proper scheduling also helps to keep inventory very low and as a result saves costs (Halldorsson et al. 2007). Demand Systems The Toyota Production System operates on the principles of pull demand systems. This is where the firm seeks to find out what the consumer wants and then goes ahead to produce based on that information. This is possible because of the fact that customers can place their orders and then wait for the manufacture of their vehicles. With the help of the internet and the efforts towards market research, Toyota has been able to operate in this type demand system to achieve its high sales. However, Toyota also employs the push system of demand especially when selling new models and selling to those customers who have not placed their orders. The pull system’s intention is to avoid overproducti on, which in itself is a waste. Inventory Functions and Analysis The Toyota Production System highly discourages keeping or holding any kind of inventory unless it is necessary to do so. Along with transportation, motion, overproduction, over processing, defect and wait, inventory is seen as capital outlays that has not borne any profit or return to the firm and for this reason its highly discourage. This system of production encourages the firm to keep minimal levels of inventory in order to avoid incurring inventory costs, which include keeping capital idle (Halldorsson et al. 2007). However, it is almost impossible for a firm to operate with zero levels of inventory. At one particular time the firm will require more resources than it can deplete in a day and it will therefore hold the extra even if it’s just overnight. Another time the firm will not complete it work on a product in one day and will therefore keep holding it until it has finished working on it. Normally whe n the firm has finished working on a product, the product does not go on sale immediately and as a result, the firm has to hold the product until it can sell it or send it to the distributors. The above examples show that holding inventory is sometimes necessary and important. In addition, the firm holds inventory to cushion itself against any unforeseen demand change and avoid missing new markets. Relationship between Supply, Demand, and Logistics in Toyota Part of the major roles of the Supply Chain Management Department is to be able to harmonize demand and supply of the products affecting the firm. In Toyota, it is not any different. The demand for vehicles has been rising exponentially over the past decades this has prompted Toyota to respond by increasing its supply of vehicles to the market. Toyota opened plants in countries all over the world. In some countries, the company opens multiple plants. This development has seen Toyota rise to become the leading automobile producer in the world. This is mainly because of its efforts to manufacture vehicles even for low-income earners in economies across the globe (Hanson et al. 2011). Logistics is the process of managing the flow of activities, goods and services that are involved in the production process. It involves transportation of the resources and people from one point to the other, holding and managing inventory, packaging and security. The Toyota Production System discourages any unnecessary transportation either within or outside the plants. Therefore, it seeks to design work lay outs that minimize the amount of movement while a product is being worked on. It has also built plants all over the globe nearer to the resources in order to avoid transporting the raw materials over long distances. This effort enables Toyota to keep its production costs at a very low level and with this in place; it is able to sell its vehicles at a reasonable lower price than most of its competitors (Hanson et al. 2011). Conclusion Toyota Production System has really revolutionized the Supply Chain Management of the whole world. It has led to companies avoiding waste, reducing the lead-time, improvements in quality assurance and greatly strengthened the relationships between firms, its suppliers and customers by providing an avenue for interactions. It has also helped reduce uncertainty as firms can now produce their products according to orders (Toyota, 2011). Strengths Toyota Production System has many benefits to the organization in which it is applied. Firstly, it strengthens the relationship between the organization and its suppliers as the suppliers are busily involved in the development of the vehicles. Secondly, it reduces waste (muda) involved in the production process, which may be in terms of inventory, motion, transportation et cetera. Thirdly, it ensures maximum utilization of the available resources such as maximum employment of machines to ensure optimum production and having employee s with multiple skills working at different sections of the production process allowing workers to work where they are required when they are required. Lastly, Toyota Production System allows regular supply over the production process, this allows for modification of the supplies to suit the demand. It is therefore easier to customize the vehicles to meet customer demands (Toyota, 2011). Weaknesses Toyota Production System advocates keeping very low or no inventory. This means that replenishing inventory should be continuous. However, uncertainty affects this process, which may lead to the interruption of the production process. In addition to the interruptions, the constant buying of inventory may see varying prices of the inventory due to variations of demand, which occur almost daily. It is also not possible to clearly ascertain what to order, in what quantity and when in all the processes of supply chain. This is because some products are not in Toyota’s control entirely. For instance, a farmer who deals with wheat cannot exactly determine the amount of wheat he is going to harvest in the next season because he depends on the rain to which he has no control. Moreover, demand is highly uncertain and companies have to keep some level of inventory in order to cushion themselves from unforeseen changes in demand. Even with the Toyota Production System, Toyota has to hold inventory to some level. For instance, Toyota’s iron or steel mining is not possible for any particular order specification. However, mining and storage for future use is possible (Liker, 2004). References Burt, D. N. Petcavage, S. D. Pinkerton, R. L. (2010). Supply Chain Management. London: Prentice Hall. Halldorsson, A. et al. (2007). Complementary Theories to Supply Chain Management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Volume 12(4): 284-296. Hanson, D. et al. (2011). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Southbank, Victoria: Cengage. Liker, J . (2004). The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufacturer. New York: Prentice Hall FT. Toyota. (2011). Toyota Company Website. Retrieved from https://www.toyota.com/ This essay on Toyota Supply Chain Management was written and submitted by user Kaiden I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Toyota Supply Chain Management Introduction Today, the Toyota Company has the best supply chain management framework many companies in the world use as a model and benchmark to implement their supply chain management practices. The best practices are based on Toyota’s supply chain management‘s lean thinking techniques.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Toyota Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rationale is efficiency and lean thinking to achieve effectiveness and customer satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to discover how Toyota’s supply chain management approach is implemented, the significance, and negative impact of the supply chain management practices. Toyota’s Supply chain management, Isn’t It Obvious It is obvious that the study raises questions on the meaning of supply chain management and how Toyota implements its supply chain management practices to position the c ompany in the market and be globally competitive. In answer to the questions, supply chain management, in the context of lean thinking, embodies techniques and strategies to improve the operational efficiency and effectiveness in the production, supply, and delivery of products and services to the customers (Ohno, 1988, p.3). Toyota operates on a global scale based on the concept of lean thinking in the steady stream of activities that contribute to the company’s supply chain management processes to optimize the production and delivery of vehicles to the global market (Huntzinger, 2002, p.23). In answer to â€Å"how† Toyota does the supply chain management, it is critical to note here that Toyota’s company executives have all the secrets about the lean thinking techniques the company employs in its supply chain management. The key words â€Å"lean thinking† underlies the efficiency that defines Toyota’s supply chain management framework. Flow syste m Flow is a concept underlying Toyota operational efficiency and success. Here, the company ensures that any point in the production and supply chain framework that hinders any process is removed from the entire system (Drogosz, 2002, p.4). The underlying model is to ensure that the production of different models of vehicles, the supply of materials required for the production of vehicles and the components needed proceed uninterrupted. In this case, a one-piece-at-a-time production process is facilitated creating a lean manufacturing and supply chain environment (Liker, 2004, p.4).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The way Toyota implements its supply chain management strategies is by facilitating the behavior and principles which facilitate production focused on long term results and not on short term gains (Drogosz, 2002, p.5). From the perspective of Toyota’s s upply management framework, the flow concept forms the basis for the company’s success and enables the company to eliminate losses from the large inventory of unused equipment, products, and labor (Huntzinger, 2002, p.21). In addition, the company’s cost per piece production system works by assigning specialized tasks to qualified employees and provides a separation of duties and responsibilities within the company framework, which contributes to the success of the company. In this case, the products are made in quantities that are in demand. The benefits include short lead times and the making of specific products to address specific needs of the customer. To be lean, Toyota uses a tool that requires each employee’s commitment in eliminating wastes that leads to errors, injuries, and defects. In addition, the necessary training, knowledge, and motivation are provided to workers by improving the workplace environment (Drogosz, 2002, p.4). The key elements in thi s approach are management commitment, appropriate training and development, and inculcation of organizational culture that supports the top management commitment and involvement to continuous improvements. In each case, problems could are brought to the surface and solutions to address the problems formulated on time. Pulling from the customer On the other hand, the concept of pulling from the back of the customer is a crucial component in Toyota’s supply chain management strategy. All the lean activities are integrated into the system where products are supplied according to the current need and use. Typically, the products are delivered in the right quantities and at the right time to the right destination. The logistics is crucial because it reduces the lead time and costs (Drogosz, 2002, p.4). A question on the strategy the company uses to implement the pull from the back approach occurs. The answer is obvious. The underlying principle is the just-in-time (JIT). The princ iple provides the basis for material replenishment, minimal effort and warehousing inventory, based on what is taken by the customer to make small replenishments and ensuring responsibility in the day-to-day changes in the demand for products. The solution is to integrate computerized information systems for inventory processing purposes (Huntzinger, 2002, p.22). The pull concept is crucial in the entire supply chain management process because the entire workforce uses stable and repeatable methods to ensure regular output, predictability, and timing which form the foundation of the pull and flow concept (Drogosz, 2002, p.5).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Toyota Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The question arises then, how is the lean concept realized in the supply chain of the company in the context of the pull and flow approaches? The answer is that the lean concept becomes a su ccess by ensuring that wastes are eliminated in each phase of the supply chain cycle. The company ensures that employees and the entire supply chain system is not overburdened (Huntzinger, 2002, p.17). All production and supply chain schedules are evenly distributed to minimize unnecessary burden on the system so that the work is evenly leveled. Talk time Talk time is one of the concepts that are the foundation of Toyota’s lean concept in the supply chain management exemplified in the way the management talk about the need to eliminate waste. The management ensures non-value adding activities are avoided to eliminate wastes to reduce lead time, excess inventory, and other delays. It enables the company to avoid overburdening people and machinery which leads to quality and safety problems. The people are encouraged to talk with qualified and trained group leaders on the problems and challenges encountered and possible solutions to the problems. Significance of supply chain man agement One can learn the significance of supply chain management from the above discussion and the way Toyota undertakes the supply chain management process embedded in the lean thinking strategy. Supply chain is critical in the total management of each of the phases involved in the supply chain to eliminate wastes and ensure effectiveness and efficiency (Huntzinger, 2002, p.12). In addition, supply chain is important because the management is able to identify and align effective inventory management, inbound transportation, material handling, warehousing, and transportation service procurement based on Toyota’s supply management lean thinking strategy (Huntzinger, 2002, p.5). Toyota, through an effective supply chain strategy embedded in the company’s lean thinking concept has made the company grow in its revenue base (Bolles, 2003, p.3).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the company has experienced effective asset utilization, effective cost management and controls, and enhance customer product and service delivery. As discussed above, Toyota’s growth is strongly correlated to its supply chain management because perfect orders are given for the right market, with after sales services easily within reach of the customer (Huntzinger, 2002, p.7). In addition, reduced inventory as stated above leads to working capital reductions where delays in the delivery of products and services are minimal or lacking completely. Investigations show that Toyota’s supply chain management strategy leads to fixed capital efficiency by optimizing the supply network leading to a global tax minimization and cost minimization. However, the negative side of supply chain management exists (Huntzinger, 2002, p.5). Negative impact Studies show the negative impacts include the risks resulting from the macro economic trends which have the possibility of magnifying the problems that arise because of the complex nature of the supply chain methods (Bolles, 2003, p.3). In addition, other problems include margin erosion and changes in consumer behavior and sudden changes in demand, which makes the supply chain management worse, and the lack of new technologies to absorb the sudden changes (Bolles, 2003, p.3). Conclusion In conclusion, Toyota’s supply chain management is embodied in the lean manufacturing concept developed by the company for efficiency and effective delivery of products to the market. The significance of Toyota’s supply chain management is valuable and acts as a tool for efficiency and effectiveness in product and service delivery. The key pillar of the effectiveness of Toyota’s supply chain management is the lean thinking concept which has many benefits despite the negative impact of the supply chain management. References Bolles, R. N. (2003). What Color Is Your Parachute? A Practical Manual for J ob –  Hunters and Career-Changers. Revised edition. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. Drogosz, J. D. (2002). Applying Lean above the Factory Floor. Journal of Ship  Production, 18 (3), 159-166. Huntzinger, J. (2002). The Roots of Lean: Training Within Industry: The Origin of  Kaizen. Target, 18 (1), 1-20. Liker, J. K. (2004). The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s  Greatest Manufacturer. New York: McGraw-Hill Ohno, T. (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Portland, OR: Productivity Press. This term paper on Toyota Supply Chain Management was written and submitted by user Remy Blankenship to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Amateur College Athletes Essay Example

Amateur College Athletes Essay Example College Athletes Review Essay Sample College Athletes Review Essay Sample The topic of paying college athletes has been the most debated issue in collegiate athletics for decades. Every autumn it is renewed with the new force. Despite the longstanding debates, it is, however, difficult to say â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† to the question whether amateur athletes should be paid to play or not. The existing situation must be examined from all points of view. A role of college athletes has drastically changed over the last two centuries and should be re-examined. Beginning as a means to â€Å"build character or contribute to an individual’s intellectual development† for middle- and upper-class students, athletic participation is no more an extracurricular activity that hardly demands a few hours a week (Flowers 346). Nowadays, collegiate athletics is a multi-million-dollar entertaining enterprise. Television broadcast revenues of college sports have soared to nearly $2 billion a year as CNBC has reported. Revenues from merchandising and other licensing rights were estimated to be $4.6 billion in 2012. Meanwhile, players do not see a dime from using their images on jerseys and video games. The athlete conferences are reluctant to acknowledge the athletes as their employees as it will entail serious payments and tax-exempts. Amateur Athletes Should Be Paid to Play For the last several years, a series of lawsuits was filed in the courts concerning violations of NCAA regulations on any unauthorized benefits. The Ohio State merchandise scandal ousted football coach Jim Tressel. A series of financial scandals at the Fiesta Bowl led to a $1 million fine, the firing of Fiesta Bowl CEO John Junker and the indictment of five other bowl employees (Taylor). Meanwhile, what really can change the situation with amateurism is the lawsuit led by former UCLA basketball star Ed O’Bannon, who sues the NCAA with antitrust violations of law and seeks revenues from TV broadcasts of college games during and after their collegiate careers, as well as profits from merchandise licensing fees on video games and paraphernalia. The court ruling has moved the O’Bannon suit another step closer to bringing compensation and more rights to college athletes (Waldron). The main governing body for college athletics is the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The NCAA’s stand on paying student-athletes, as they prefer to call them, is categorical. NCAA president Mark Emmert is â€Å"adamantly opposed to† compensations for students, â€Å"As long as Im president of the NCAA, we will not pay student-athletes to play sports† (Roberts). That stubborn stance comes from the old definition of college athletes as student-athletes. The hypocrisy hidden here is double-folded. Firstly, the amateur athletes are no longer as amateur as they used to be. They spend on training around 50 hours a week during the season with a â€Å"grueling workout of running, weight training, and cardiovascular conditioning, including long-distance running and wind sprints† (McCormick 106). Secondly, a term ‘student-athlete’ implies that a person is not mere an athlete, but is closely engaged in the educational process. Emmert states tha t they provide athletes â€Å"with world class educations† (Roberts). However, in reality, college athletes are more employees than students, and their relationship with their universities is an economic one (McCormick 106). Ivy League schools supported the NCAA’s decision not to pay their athletes. The league, composed of eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern U.S., has a strict policy regarding academic standards for their athletes and does not provide sports scholarships. Executive director of the conference Robin Harris says, â€Å"We’re not going to do a stipend. Our general philosophy is that our athletes should be treated as close as possible to our students† (Eichelberger). The offer of a stipend was introduced two years ago. In 2011, Division I schools were allowed to pay their athletes an additional $2,000 to cover their college tuition/ the gap between athletic scholarships and the true cost-of-attendance, which includes the tuition, room-and-board, books and other expenses. Not only does the stipend look like an inadequate sum (when a scholarship is worth $15,000 to $45,000 a year), but some universities disagreed that they could afford it. The motion was put on hold. At the same time, the universities can afford keeping coaches with bloated wages. A college coach can make as much as a professional coach, especially if one speaks about football. In 2011, Ohio State signed with football coach Urban Meyer a six-year contract worth $24 million. Top three football coaches earn around 5 million a year each (Warner). With the existing state of affairs, almost everyone, but athletes benefit from the colleges seeing an increase in application to the athletic conferences reaping revenues for TV translations and selling the themed merchandise. Not all people seem to understand what it is like to be both an athlete and a student. The statistics from USA Today highlights that a typical player spends 45 hours per week on sports, which includes playing games, practicing and training (qtn in Linvill). Add to it approximately 40 hours that have to be spent on school, and it is clear that no time is left for a job to earn some extra money like all students do. Athletes have short careers. Best years are spent working for free. Injuries happen. This year, the University of Louisville basketball player Kevin Ware suffered one of the most horrible knee injuries (Laird) during a March Madness game. Ware’s recovery goes well, but if the problem will flare up later in life, no insurance is there to compensate for additional medical care. That was the case for the former University of Oklahoma basketball player Kyle Hardrick, who helped Putnam City High School win the 6A state championship in 2009 and sustained a serious knee injury at University of Oklahoma in 2010. Hardrick’s health insurance did not cover all medical bills, and now he is in litigation with the NCAA for a hardship waiver (Casteel). The tradition not to pay athletes has had a long history. Sports used to be viewed by college officials as â€Å"tolerated affairs† necessary only to â€Å"let go off some steam† and get fresh for intellectual activity (Flowers 345). It was organized by students with no help from the administration. Later, the leadership of universities understood that the student-run sporting activities can be used for marketing purposes to improve the image of educational institutions and to attract new students. The potential commercial possibilities were seen by sponsoring entrepreneurs. Thus, by the 1870s, â€Å"the foundation of intercollegiate athletics had been established† (347). With time, the student’s organization was substituted with business structures - professional coaches were hired; an extensive staff was needed to serve the whole college sports enterprise; proper stadiums were built; spectators were charged for viewing (351). From the very beginning, co llege sports were separate from the educational objective of higher education. Increasing demands for victories and successful athletic programs brought into the game â€Å"tramp† or â€Å"migrant† athletes who were not up to par academically but enjoyed the high performance athletic abilities (354). The amateurism concept let the elite institutions reconcile with the presence of working class athletes within their walls without losing their prestige. It begot the hypocrisy when in order to win competitions, universities had to have sports on the professional level, and in order to keep up respectability, they had to call it amateurism as it was ungentlemanly to receive money for doing sports. Therefore, it is possible to see that the intricate invention of the amateur code was a result of commercialization of college sports, and it was hypocritical from the very beginning. The next step in securing the right not to pay athletes was made by the NCAA fifty years ago. The National Collegiate Athletic Association introduced the term ‘student-athlete’ to describe the young men and women who are athletes at their member schools. The stress on underscoring the status of both a student and athlete hides the fact that in reality, they are the NCAA employees. The myth of student-athletes has worked for many decades as a shield for the athletic conferences allowing them to obtain the overwhelming monetary gain in comparison to the bare minimum provided for athletes (McCormick 74). College sports are a multi-billion-dollar industry. By way of one example, in 2003, the NCAA signed with CBS a $6 billion-worth 11-year deal for the right to broadcast the annual men’s basketball tournament March Madness (McCormick 74). Meanwhile, college athletes are compensated with grants-in-aid, such as accommodation, tuition, books, and other education related expenses, without the possibility to spend as they choose and work to make some extra money themselves. According to all legal standards, student-athletes are treated like employees: they perform services for the benefit of their universities; their daily lives are strictly regulated and controlled by the coaching staff. Their student status is subverted by demanding playing and training schedules with the football and men’s basketball seasons lengthened over time, or with a requirement to enroll in weight-training courses outside the permissible practice season, or attendance ‘voluntary’ practices on top of the required twenty hours per week (141). Students who once went to school only for an education and participated in these kinds of competitions in their free time now often attend these same universities solely for the purpose of participating in sports. The sub-standard academic performance among some athletes is the further evidence that they do not function primarily as students. Universities create academically undemanding courses primarily predominantly for athletes, not to mention special treatment from professors cutting athletes some slack and going easy on their weak academic performance (144). The final nail in the coffin of the student-athlete concept is low graduation rates among college athletes, which shows that they are not primarily students. Many non-athletic students leave school without graduating due to financial reasons. For grants-in-aid athletes, the situation should be reversed. Under otherwise equal conditions, college athletes should graduate at much higher rates than regular students in general; yet they do not. Studies show that sports success can contribute to lower graduation rates of players (152; Grimm 18). According to a recent Penn GSE report â€Å"Black Male Student –Athletes and Racial Inequities in NCAA Division I College Sports,† only about half of black male student athletes graduated within six years, and 97.4% of BCS institutions graduated black male student athletes at rates lower than undergraduate students overall (Harper, Williams, and Blackman). The pressure to succeed at the highest level takes the focus away from the â₠¬Ëœstudent’ in student-athlete. Over the last fifty years, the revenue-generating college sports have had the increased number of African-Americans. In fact, today, black male student athletes are 57.1% of college football players and 64.3% of college basketball players (Damario). Given multi-billion-dollar TV deals for the mainly white NCAA institutions, profitable merchandising deals for universities, and high wages for coaches, many view black amateur athleticism as â€Å"the new plantation† akin to the â€Å"exploitation endured by internally colonized people in the system of slavery† (Hawkins 13). Young athletes are lured into universities by perspectives to ‘make it’ to the pro-level. Meanwhile, it is a destiny of few. The rest often either lose their health after injuries, or turn out to be lacking â€Å"educational and life skills†, when their short sports life comes to an end (Damario). Therefore, the true nature of relationship between the NCAA and college athletes is one of an employer and employee. It was unintentionally confirmed in the statement of the American Athletic Conference commissioner Mike Aresco. â€Å"We will not pay players,† said Aresco last month. â€Å"That is not what college athletics is all about, and it is the road to ruin. We will not establish an employer-employee relationship† (Heitner). The true reason behind the NCAA reluctance to pay for playing is the fact that it will result in huge losses. First of all, they will lose their valuable tax-exempt status. Second, if student-athletes are recognized as employees that will result in the full package: additional costs, including potential workers’ compensation for injuries, medical insurance, retirement benefit plans, etc. Proponents of the non-payment variant claim that even without getting cash, in the economic sense, student-athletes at a major conference school on full scholarship are â€Å"paid $50,000 and $125,000 per year depending on their sport and whether they attend a public or private university† in the form of â€Å"education, room, board, and coaching/training† (Dorfman). However, not all student-athletes are able to receive a scholarship, and not all scholarships cover the full cost of college. In addition, many full-scholarship athletes live below the poverty line (Mc 79). Actually, the point that college athletes are provided with all necessary such as educational and living expenses can easily be refuted by a mere assumption that it is not all that people need in that life. College athletes may need to support their families or any other expenses not covered by ‘grants-and-aid’. Another argument in the discourse is that college athletes are exposed to publicity that is able to gain them contracts in pro-teams. It is supposedly easier to evaluate their sporting performance after observing their college athletic careers. It is a relevant argument, though it concerns only top players. In reality, a great number of college athletes do not become professional athletes. Only 2% of the NCAA football players and 1.3% of men’s basketball players joined professional leagues in 2006. Some never become professionals because of injuries suffered in college (McCormick 79). Also, paying college athletes is considered non-realistic as it will provoke problems between the revenue and non-revenue sports, better and worse players, male and female athletes. Will it be fair if a football player gets more than a field hockey player? No, it will not. The life is unfair. Non-revenue sport participants should just accept it as it is. If a sport is unable to keep itself afloat, then there is no need for the school to keep it around. In other professions, people also do not obtain equal payments; all depends on the amount of abilities and talent. Supporters of the ‘non-payment-for-college-athletes’ concept cannot see the difference between college sporting activities and any other extracurricular activities, such as flag corps, cheerleading, chorus, band apart from their living expenses paid for. It is being left aside that regular students have classes and free time that they can spend as they wish either for additional learning, earning extra money, or socializing. Meanwhile, for student-athletes, education cannot be their first concern as demanding playing schedules effectively bar them from studying as true students and leave no time for an extra job. The main culprit in the existing situation is the presence of the NCAA. It is absurd that the money do not go directly to the schools which the players represent but to a third party organization. Not least because the American public, including athletes, has taken in stride the widespread inequities that the most revenue-generating college sports programs were ridden with. The NCAA has no right to appeal to amateurism as there is no such thing. As Taylor Branchsep concludes in his article â€Å"The Shame of College Sports,† â€Å"any attempt to create [a legal definition of amateur] in enforceable law would expose its repulsive and unconstitutional nature- a bill of attainder, stripping from college athletes the rights of American citizenship.† While the O’Bannon case is not finalized, in November, Sports Illustrated.com informed that it â€Å"took a major step towards empowering current and future college athletes† by both parts to begin settlement discussions. The NCAA remains a defendant in the case. In 2011, Sports Illustrated published an editorial in favor of allowing college athletes to be paid by outside sources without compromising their eligibility (Branchsep). The educational premise that lays in the basis of amateur athletics is absolutely unnecessary; in fact, high-level sporting activities are often perceived as a distraction for proper academic results. When placing college sporting activities within a proper historical context, the understanding comes that its role in the higher education must be revised. â€Å"People generally had no idea what was occurring in the college philosophy or history class, but could easily relate to the institution through a visible athletic program† (Flowers 352). Mixing education with high-profile entertainment turned to be not the best idea in the long run. The solution is to employ the best athletes to win and pay them for promoting their institutions, or separate sporting activities and not mix them up with the higher education. With thoroughly commercialized college sports, college athletes deserve some kind monetary compensation for all the work they put into promoting the prestige of university sports teams. It should be nothing outrageous like what professionals make but just something equivalent to what an average college student would make at a part-time job.

Whats the Lowest SAT Score Possible How Many Get It

What's the Lowest SAT Score Possible How Many Get It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you embarrassed of your SAT score, or think it’s pretty low? Chances are it isn’t even close to the lowest possible SAT score. In this post, we’ll reveal how rare the lowest possible SAT score is, the lowest scores we have seen, and how to improve on the test, regardless of what your currentscore is. What Is the Lowest SAT Score? On the Redesigned SAT, the lowest possible score is a 400: 200 on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and 200 on Math. The lowest possible SAT score on the old SAT was a 600 composite, which could only be earned with scores of 200 on the Critical Reading, Math, and Writing sections. While there is no data yet on the Redesigned SAT, we know from data on the old SAT that the lowest possible score is extremely rare. Only 374 people got a 600 on the SAT in 2014 – even fewer than a perfect 2400! The SAT is scaled so that the average score is about a 1500 old/1000 redesigned, or 500 per section. The bottom 25% of scorers have about a 1270 old/850 redesigned or lower. Any score below an 1100 old/750 redesigned is rare – only 10% of test-takers score that low. So odds are, even if you have a low score, it’s not the very lowest possible! In fact, it’s incredibly difficult to get a 600 old/400 redesigned SAT composite score. How Do You Get the Lowest Score on the SAT? It’s harder to get a 600 old/400 redesigned than you might think. Even if you guess on every question, you’ll probably get higher than the lowest possible score. Why? Assuming you really don’t know anything and guess on each question, odds are you will guess correctly 25% of the time, since there are four answer choices. And it turns out that getting 25% of SAT questions right gets you a score above the lowest possible! Even Jon Snow, who knows nothing, would probably score higher than a 400 on the SAT. The SAT is scored by translating your raw score (the total amount of questions you get right) into a scaled score. For more on this process, check out our scoring guide. On the Redesigned SAT, a Reading raw score with 25% of the questions correct is a 13. A Writing raw score with 25% of the questions correct is an 11. After combining these, your final Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score would be around 350 low, but far from the lowest possible score of 200. A Math 25% raw score is about a 14, which would net approximately a 380 final score. If you add up these two scores, you would get a 730 composite – low, but far from the lowest! So you would have to have very bad luck or be deliberately trying to get a low score to get a 200 on each section for a 400 composite on the Redesigned SAT. You need a raw score of 1 or lower on each section to get a scaled score of 200 on the Redesigned SAT, which means you basically have to get every single question wrong. So even if you just give up on the test and fill in every answer bubble with a "C," you'll definitely get more than 1 raw point on each section, and thus get a higher score than a 400. On the old SAT, getting the lowest possible score was actually pretty complicated. Since the old SAT had a guessing penalty, you needed a negative raw score on each section to get the lowest possible score. That meant you could sleep through the test, leave all of the answers blank, get a raw score of 0, and still get about 210-220 per section, which was higher than the lowest possible score. On the Redesigned SAT, however, leaving the test blank and taking a nap will result in the lowest possible score, since you would get a raw score of 0. This means getting a 200 on each section of the old SAT was surprisingly tricky. You could have skipped most of the questions but answered 8 incorrectly to get a -2 raw score. Or, of course, you could have gotten every single problem wrong and gotten a raw score below a -2, and thus received a 200 section score. You can actually read about one man’s attempt to get the lowest possible score on the old SAT here. Note that he had to know the SATquite wellto accomplish this â€Å"feat.† Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! What Are the Lowest Scores You’ve Seen? At PrepScholar, we work with everyone from high-scorers, trying to close the last 100-point gap to a perfect score, to students who struggle with standardized tests and want lots of extra help. On the old SAT, we’ve seen scores as low as 900 (around 300 in each section), but gotten them up to the 1300 range, which gets them into the top 75% of scorers. How do we do this? There are two main ways to improve a low score: fill content gaps and improve test-taking strategy. If you’re scoring in the 300s, there is probably content on the SAT you simply don’t know. Whether you struggle with vocabulary, geometry, grammar rules, or all of the above, not knowing major concepts can seriously hamper you on the SAT. That said, even if you know the content, struggling with test-taking can lower your score, too. Just because it's multiple choice doesn't mean it's easy. Time management, process of elimination, smart guessing, and familiarity with the test are all factors that can make or break your score. A student who is able to manage their time and answer 40 out of 58 math questions will get a better score than a student who gets stuck on a single problem, loses time, and only answers 30 math questions by the end of the test. Also, knowing how to eliminate wrong answers can raise your odds of getting a question right from 25% to 50%. Process of elimination is an important strategy! Sound like there’s a lot to learn? There is, but it’s very manageable to make big SAT score leaps, especially if you have the best resources. How Can I Improve My Score? The key to a higher SAT score is fixing your weaknesses, practicing with quality questions, and learning test-taking strategy. With PrepScholar, we will create a custom program for you based on your weaknesses. We will fill your content gaps and get you on track for a higher score. Basically, we take the hard part out of SAT studying – analyzing your weak spots – and give you more time to practice. You can also study on your own with prep books and a study schedule. Remember to block your SAT prep time into your schedule like it’s a class or a sport – you have to put in the time to see a difference. Finally, you can see if your school has an SAT prep class, study sessions, or other free resources to take advantage of. This can help you make time for SAT studying each week. If you commit dedicated time to studying, and use the best resources, you are guaranteed to see an improvement in your score. Even you, Jon Snow. What’s Next? Learn more about average SAT scores by state to learn just how good or bad your score is. So what’s a good SAT score? An amazing one? See our guide to the best SAT scores, based on which colleges you are aiming for. Thinking about giving the ACT a try instead? See our guide to which test is easiest, and which one you will do the best on. 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SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN - Essay Example Before creating an effective campaign, you need to understand people or the customers that you are trying to reach. This Understanding needs to go beyond the common demographic information, and that is in terms of education age and gender. For instance, by implementing thoughtful an effective social media campaign, try to adopt the latest media site so as to reach a lot of people. Always the desire to promote a one on one talk should be there (creative, retrieved on March 3, 2015). Social media is all about engaging and participating, monitoring and listening and then pushing forward to achieve your goal. Having a plan, the next thing is to create the content. Social media competition is all about the content of the product or service given. Great content is achieved through understanding your space on the social media and uncovering trends. Finally, be clear in order to offer a fresh perspective too. This will promote the business and intern raise your ranking on the site. With the content at hand, there will be a need to determine where the content will be on the site. Position of the content on the site helps customer know where to find what they need. URL, title tag, the writers of content are just but the example of what customer will find there. With the three steps above; you will need to spread or have an advertisement of it. Creating optimal is achieved by making sure that the information is shared quickly with a click of a button. A repacked message being at the fingertips, it will be easy for someone to share the information with a friend but only if the information is relevant, interesting and exciting. It is time for the content you have to get the promotion in this section. The main goal here is to build links that will promote directly the new content rather than linking directly to the sites homepage. It can be achieved by announcing the content on the social sites and promoting the it via social media and finally posting a

Women Maternity Clothing Store (Part 2 of Business Plan) Assignment

Women Maternity Clothing Store (Part 2 of Business Plan) - Assignment Example Majority of pregnant women are working class who require clean and appealing work attire. According to statistics the population between age 15- 19 years are at times jobless with few having successful careers hence need for product that would suit low, middle and high-income customers within the region. The region as described demands warm clothing owing to prevailing weather conditions. Weather is vital in this business and plays significant role in design of merchandises. The region experiences longer winter seasons and shorter summer seasons and is characterized by busy and low season, in this case the busy season for most stores starts during spring break ending around September. United States spring break starts around March influencing sales from maternity stores. This creates an advantage since most pregnant women would vacation away from their home states and would make whole new purchases of maternity clothing (Suttle 1). Those in the northern part require more protective clothing in form of coats and boots as compared to those within southern region due low temperatures, additionally the region is also characterized by storms and hurricane seasons which at times keep consumers away from town centers (Suttle 1). Therefore, the business needs to consider weather aspect in the planning process to avoid unnecessary losses. Despite an upward growth for maternity clothes in recent years, there is current demand for stylish maternity clothes at all pregnancy stages within the region to suit weather conditions (Ranson 1). The figure below shows the map of the target region and the level of unintended pregnancies. Majority are young expecting mothers who value trendy and stylish clothes. The United States is known to be one of the worlds largest countries, occupying an area of approximately 3,679,192 square miles (9,529,107 square

Subliminal Advertising :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Subliminal Advertising 1.) On television, a common technique to influence a viewer is to flash messages or images for so little time, that it almost seems like a flicker that really never happened. Ways that this has been used is by flashing images that are pleasing to the eye, like a flashy color, or maybe even a picture with sexual innuendo. The cheapest technique, usually used by people, like car salesmen, is to ask the viewer a string of questions, which we all know will have the answer "yes." By doing this, the commercial gets you ready to agree with any pitch they are trying to make you buy. 2.) A more cunning way to make you buy a product is to brainwash your emotions, questioning yourself, "Would I be a bad person if I do not by this product?" For instance, the people that would like you to donate money to the sick, hungry children is some run-down village. They show you pictures of babies crying, adults with hardly any meat on their bones. The commercial then claims that by your donation, you can save a life, but if you do not, you're letting a life die. This technique is an effective way, but I believe that there are some ethics involved in purposely tampering one's emotions. 3.) A technique usually described as using "buzz words" is found more in print than on television or radio. If we are scrolling through a newspaper and we see an exciting flashy word, our eyes tend to draw towards it. Companies are entirely aware of this, so that’s why they flash words on their ads like, "FREE," "NEW," "HURRY." Something about these words makes us want to see what the fuss is all about, and to read the company's ad. Now when you do read the ad, there will be "buzz words" embedded into the ad that do not even look flashy. It is always words that do not actually have any significant meaning, but they are added in anyways. For example, words like, homemade, improved, 100%, tasty, just to name a few. 4.) Michael Jordan is selling you Gatorade, Jerry Seinfeld is backing up American Express, and Paul Reiser wants you to use AT&T. Why do these famous stars appear on commercials and ads? The purpose is to subliminally give the product traits that it never even deserves, like wealth, fame, and success.

Tim blixseth essay

Money isn't everything When I was younger, thought money ruled everything but in reality it doesn't. Working hard doesn't apply anymore in today's economy. Most of the people who are wealthy have grown into the money or inherited from their ancestor. People hold the wealthy to a higher standard/power therefore they think they are better than the middle/lower class. Even though money is a great asset to have, it can be a liability. As I read the essay about Tim Blithest, he was an individual who was not impressed or got excited about how much money he and his family had.He wanted to be low key, an average middle class person who worked hard for what he got not just given. In the story â€Å"Living It† he tells us how he would wake up in different locations each night. Tim Blithest kept explaining to us how most rich people he know were cocky, arrogant, stuck up or flamboyant. Tim was nothing like that; he didn't want people to judge him accordantly to the other rich people. He strongly hated the fact that most rich people are jerks and looked down toward the middle/ lower class. Money does change people a lot. Feel like if you were born with money and everything given to you, than you would be a stuck up person.But if you worked hard for your money than you know where you can from and would be cared hearted toward the lower class. Money is the root of all evil. It gives the wealthy a since of more power, makes them believe they rule us. By thinking this way, we all are going to be in trouble if they can get any more power. I believe that not all wealthy people do not have this type of attitude but most are by the way they were raised. But believe that if you are raise your children properly and teach them the correct morals of life, then you can be a great person with the wealth.Tim refers to his family members as he rechristens, which really means they are wealthy people who are down to earth. He really stated that he believed no matter how wealthy a per son is or how poor you are and your family is, it is upon you to succeed in life or fail in it. Success is drive, if you don't have it you never will. Any person doesn't matter if you are rich or poor, if you don't want it enough then you will fail in life. You have got to want it to achieve it.

An Issue Of Procrastination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 703 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Procrastination Essay Did you like this example? Procrastination Specific Purpose: To persuade my audiences not to procrastinate. Thesis Statement: Everyone procrastinates at some point, the only way to overcome procrastination is to set up plans and stay accountable to your plans. Organizational Pattern: Monroers Motivated SequenceIntroduction (Attention)Attention: Do you hate the feeling of frustration when you have to complete a last-minute assignment? Do you also feel like you have plenty of time to complete the tasks, but end up forgetting about it? Im sure that most of you could relate that it is extremely common and issues that many of us face. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Issue Of Procrastination" essay for you Create order Introduce Your Topic: If youre a procrastinator, you cant help delaying work. Luckily it is something you can avoid, challenge yourself to step outside of your comfort zone.Demonstrating the Importance: You should finish whatever you have to do in advance so that you can truly enjoy life to its full potential. Preview of Main Points: Today, I will discuss why you need to stop procrastinating, how you can stop procrastinating, and finish off with help you visualize a better life without procrastination. BodyTransition: Today, I will discuss why you need to stop procrastinating.Need: According to the article Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Differences Between High and Low Procrastinators by Esther D. Rothblum, Laura J. Solomon, and Janice Murakami (1986) suggested that procrastination has been described as a self-handicapping behavior that ultimately impacts academic performance, possibly leading to greater course withdrawal and lower grades.Some of us have trouble finding the perfect time to study and tend to wait until the last minute, for example, poor midterm grades- withdrawing a course is much better than failing a course. Lower grades seem to have a relationship between laziness, and the skills necessary to complete a task. Transition: Now that you know some of the reasons why you need to stop procrastinating, I will now discuss some ways to solve these problems. Satisfaction:According to the article Procrastination: putting off ?til the tomorrow that never comes by David Plaut, he suggested ways that you can do to stop procrastinating.Plaut argues, You feel the task will take too long. Is this because you didnt start early enough? Poor management is the direct result of procrastination, stop thinking you have plenty of time and set earlier deadlines for yourself. Punish yourself every time you realize you have put something off.Plaut argues, Would it look less difficult if you broke it down into small pieces? Confusion is another direct result of procrastination, doing everything at once can be overwhelming, however, break down your workload can help you focus and solve the problems quicker. Plaut said, Accept the fact that like everyone else, you are human. You will make errors. Change your mindset fear of failure is no longer an excuse for procrastination, success requires failure; mistakes give us opportunities to step back from the situa tion, observe what is going on and figure out how to overcome whatever obstacles may stand in our way. Transition: Now that you know some ways to solve these problems, I will now help you visualize a better life without procrastination. Visualization: Imagine you could go to bed every night feeling relaxed, happy and fulfilled.Now you dont have to sleep with guilt and worry about not getting anything done. A good nightrs sleep makes you feel good but also improve your overall health, for example, better weight control, better memory, healthier skin, etc.Imagine youre on top of the game, without constantly thinking about your impending deadlines.Now you can go to bed early without pulling all-nighters.You can turn your work in on time without feeling stressed.ConclusionRestate Thesis and Main Points: Today, I discussed many reasons why people procrastinate, provided solutions to overcoming procrastination, and how your life would be better without procrastination. Concluding Device: I encourage all of you to go home today and get started on whatever you havent done dont wait until the last minute. If you experience difficulties, dont waste time or wait for some miracle to happen. Ask anyone who you think can help or go to the tutoring center located at Newman Vertical Campus room 2-116 or the main writing center located in the same building room 8-185.