Conglomerate Essay

Palestinian Conflict essays

The Origins of Israeli/Palestinian Conflict papers The causes of the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict For the greater part of the previous century, Middle East has been the focal point of savagery and butchery. The Palestinians and the Israelis-two people groups battling about one land. A large portion of us has grown up watching and finding out about these two gatherings and their conflicts. We find out about the attack and the slaughter of the Palestinian domain and individuals by the Israeli fighters. Or then again we catch wind of the self destruction bombings did by Palestinian men, ladies, and even youngsters nowadays. With all the outrage and ill will that exists between these two individuals, one may think about whether this chaos will ever be settled. Be that as it may, before we start searching for arrangements, lets take a gander at how everything began. The underlying foundations of the difficult goes back to late 1800s with the formation of a development called Zionism. The development began predominantly among European and Russian Jews who required a national home for Jews in Palestine. The idea of Zionism was raised by a Viennese columnist named Theordor Herzl in 1896. In his book, Der Judenstaat, he brought to the universes consideration that the Jews ought to have their own sovereign country state. (Schafer) Jewish cases were that the Palestinian grounds were guaranteed to them by God and that they reserve an option to come back to their guaranteed land. Hence, they began moving to Palestine. Colossal parcels were purchased by rich European Jews which permitted them to fabricated networks. Gradually however consistently the quantity of workers expanded to the point that they were confronted with restriction from the Palestinians. (Schafer) Toward the start of World War I, the British domains reliance on Suez trench and Persian Gulf expanded with their essence in India. They were confronted with resistance when the Ottoman Empire, who controlled the Middle East district, united with Germany. In this way, the British, so as to fortify its situation in the district, searched for help from Jewish I... <!

The Role of Classical Conditioning in Taste Aversions

The Role of Classical Conditioning in Taste Aversions Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Avoidance of Certain Foods and Classical Conditioning By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 16, 2019 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc / Blend Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology A conditioned taste aversion involves the avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food. These aversions are a great example of how classical conditioning can result in changes in behavior, even after only one incidence of feeling ill. How Do Conditioned Taste Aversions Work? Have you ever gotten ill after eating something and later found that just the thought of that food made you feel a bit queasy? This is a great example of what is often referred to as a conditioned taste aversion. A conditioned taste aversion can occur when eating a substance is followed by illness. For example, if you ate sushi for lunch and then became ill, you might avoid eating sushi in the future, even if it had no relationship to your illness. While it might seem expected that we would avoid foods that were immediately followed by illness, research has shown that the consumption of the food and the onset of the illness do not need to necessarily occur close together. Conditioned taste aversions can develop even when there is a long delay between the neutral stimulus (eating the food) and the unconditioned stimulus (feeling sick). In classical conditioning, conditioned food aversions are examples of single-trial learning. Just one pairing of the previously neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus can establish an automatic response. Examples of Conditioned Taste Aversion Imagine that you are on vacation and eat a chicken enchilada at a restaurant. Hours after eating the enchilada, you become violently ill. For years after that incident, you might be unable to bring yourself to eat a chicken enchilada and may even feet queasy when you smell foods that remind you of that particular dish. This conditioned taste aversion can occur even when you know that your illness is not connected to eating that particular item. In reality, you might be fully aware that you picked up a nasty stomach virus from one of your traveling companions who had been ill just days before the trip. Consider your own aversions to certain foods. Can you link your distaste for particular items to a period of illness, queasiness, or nausea? People may find that they avoid very specific types of food for years simply because they consumed that particular item before they  became ill. Conditioned taste aversions are quite common and can last for days to several years. Understanding Taste Aversions Can taste aversions occur both consciously and unconsciously? In many cases, people may be completely unaware of the underlying reasons for their dislike of a type of food. Why do these taste aversions occur, especially when we consciously realize that the illness was not tied to a particular food? Conditioned taste aversions are a great example of some of the fundamental mechanics of classical conditioning. The previously neutral stimulus (the food) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (an illness), which leads to an unconditioned response (feeling sick).After this one-time pairing, the previously neutral stimulus (the food) is now a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response (avoiding the food). Is that all there is to these conditioned taste aversions? The scenario described above does not exactly fit with the standard expectations for classical conditioning. First of all, the conditioning occurred after just a single pairing of the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Second, the time span between the neutral stimulus and UCS is usually just a matter of seconds. In the case of a conditioned taste aversion, the time-lapse often amounts to several hours. While it may seem to violate the general principles of classical conditioning, researchers have been able to demonstrate the effects of conditioned taste aversions in experimental settings. In one such experiment, psychologist John Garcia fed flavored water (a previously neutral stimulus) to lab rats. Several hours later, the rats were injected with a substance (the UCS) that made them ill. Later, when the rats were offered flavored water, they refused to drink it. Explaining Conditioned Taste Aversions Because Garcia’s research contradicted much of what was previously understood about classical conditioning, many psychologists were unconvinced by the results. Pavlov had suggested that any neutral stimulus could elicit a conditioned response. If that were true, then why would the feelings of sickness be associated with the food that was eaten hours earlier? Wouldnt the illness be associated with something that had happened right before the symptoms occurred? Taste aversions do not fit comfortably within the present framework of classical or instrumental conditioning, Garcia noted. These aversions selectively seek flavors to the exclusion of other stimuli. Interstimulus intervals are a thousand-fold too long. What Garcia and other researchers were able to demonstrate was that in some cases, the type of neutral stimulus used does have an influence on the conditioning process. So why does the type of stimulus matter so much in this particular case? One part of the explanation lies in the concept of biological preparedness. Essentially, virtually every organism is biologically predisposed to create certain associations between certain stimuli. If an animal eats food and then becomes ill, it might be very important to the animals continued existence to avoid such foods in the future. These associations are frequently essential for survival, so it is no wonder they form easily. A Word From Verywell Classical conditioning can have a powerful influence on behavior. As conditioned taste aversions so clearly demonstrate, sometimes learning can occur very quickly (after only a single instance). The next time you find yourself avoiding a particular food, consider the role that a conditioned aversion may have played in your dislike for that particular item.

Erich Remarque s The Red Badge Of Courage Essay - 1873 Words

Erich Remarque-A. Wheen-John Groth - Printed at the Spiral Press for the individuals from the Limited Editions Club – 1969. Looked into By, Michael Anderson, Shepherd University. Erich Maria Remarque was conceived in Osnabruck, Germany, in 1898 into a lower-working class family. In 1916, he was drafted into the German armed force to battle in World War I, in which he was gravely injured. Ten years after the war finished, he distributed I m Western Nights Neuse, converted into English a year later as All Quiet on the Western Front, a novel about the encounters of conventional German fighters amid the war. In spite of the fact that different books, most strikingly Stephen Crane s The Red Badge of Courage (1895), had investigated the viciousness and severity of war in a sensible light, the abstract convention of war stories still tended overwhelmingly toward romanticized beliefs of eminence, enterprise, and respect. In introducing his dismally reasonable variant of an officer s experience, Remarque stripped the common sentimentalism from the war story in the staunchly antiwar All Quiet on the Western Front. The novel immediately turned into a universal, widely praised achievement. An American motion picture in light of the book was discharged in 1930. After Adolf Hitler s ascent to control in Germany in the mid-1930s, the furiously nationalistic Nazi administration assaulted All Quiet on the Western Front and Remarque as unpatriotic. Remarque made no endeavor to opposeShow MoreRelatedA Comparison between the Two Novels The Red Badge of Courage and All Quiet on The Western Front990 Words   |  4 Pagesfeelings and also shows how they are killed indiscriminately in war. Finally the line ironically contains an iambic pentameter which is a natural rhythm for such dark, grim, dull subject. The two novels, The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, and All Quiet on The Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, both present a similar idea of how soldiers are killed out there in the front comprehensively and the dehumanization of war towards its soldiers. The first novel is set during the Civil War, and it focuses

No Child By Nilaja Sun - 1059 Words

The play â€Å"No Child†, written by Nilaja Sun showcases a teacher, Ms. Sun as a teaching artist who is under a grant to facilitate the production of a play, teaching and encouraging live theoretical performances in a dysfunctional environment.No Child is a reflection of Nilaja Sun’s experiences as a teaching artist in the public school system in New York. In the play Ms. Sun brings a senses of hope and inspiration not only to the students but to the teachers as well in one of the toughest classrooms of Malcolm X High School, in Bronx, New York. The narrator of the play is a observant Janitor of the Malcolm X High School. Since he has been performing his job related duties as a janitor he witnessed the struggles and obstacle faced by the school and students. No Child accurately illustrates students, teachers and communities imprisoned by a corrupted public school system. The readers are introduced to Ms. Sun in Scene Three in the beginning of the play. Her intentions were to go into one of the worst class room throughout the school and have the students participate in Timberlake Wertenbaker’s Our Country’s Good in six weeks. Considering the fact that Malcolm x High School is not a performing arts school, she insisted on connecting with the students and obtaining their interest. She also encouraged the kids to invite their family and friends to the performance. At first the students were opposed to acting in a play and thought the play was rediculous. The students hadShow MoreRelatedThe Gripping Play That Has Sparked Controversy No Child By Nilaja Sun855 Words   |  4 PagesIn the gripping play that has sparked controversy No Child . . . by Nilaja Sun, the harsh realities and heart brakes of intercity life is laid at the feet of its audience. The story is set in a culturally diverse high school in the Bronx, setting the stage for a group of unforgettably characters that can be easily identified with and the wise janitor who acts as the narrator of this play. Ms. Sun is an optimistic public school teacher, who refuses to see anything in her precious students but unrecognizedRead MoreFactors that Create Limitations to the Students when Pursuing Life Opportunities1423 Words   |  6 Pagessubstantial. As this problem creates a concern over the actual education that our student’s receive, an act named No Child Left Behind was passed. An act promising that all students will receive an adequate education. ​ In order to become prepared for the future and earn opportunities to rise to success, the new generation needs to be provided with an adequate education. No Child Left Behind is an act passed by President George W. Bush in his attempt to educate, which according to him, â€Å"The too

Exploring The Arts And Its Different Concepts Art Essay Free Essays

Every twenty-four hours forenoon, many people enjoy sitting outside watching dawn. They feel relaxed seeing the reaching of the Sun with its pure visible radiation and the travelling of the dark with its darkness. They consider that a new life will get down as the Sun starts her new life. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring The Arts And Its Different Concepts Art Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not merely they watch the Sun, many people enjoy pulling this position because they will experience for one time that their heads are relaxed and non believing except in this new Born. This research highlights over the importance of art in our day-to-day life. It besides recalls us about the different types of art and how each of them depends on particular creative person and particular instruments used. In this research we will besides cognize the relation between colourss and how colourss are grouped in two. Besides we will detect that art is most of import than what we consider because we see art everyplace and each twenty-four hours because every thing in life is an graphics. Introduction †Art is your emotions fluxing in a river of imaginativeness † . If you stand for a minute in front any work of art, which has many forms and many line can non be described, you start to conceive of things by walking on that lines and forms seeking to link them to acquire a specific form done from your imaginativeness. What if the image is a dawn? You will get down believing in every unhappiness or happiness things that happened to you. No one these yearss knows the truly importance of art. Art is everyplace in the full universe. It is one ‘s creativeness and imaginativeness. Art is the most things you use and see ever without paying attending to that. If you want to cognize what does art intend? You have to look at every thing environing you, at every thing you use in your day-to-day life, you will detect that every thing you see shows an art, particularly your apparels, your hair design, your places etc†¦ All of them are humanistic disciplines. Art help us see everything and everyone wholly different. Art is non a reading to acquire world-weary or listening to acquire epileptic, it ‘s something which opens to us a field of inquiries and replies to things we see. That ‘s up to us. It does n’t enforce itself on us to hear, believe, or even understand ; on the contrary it takes us to a long-lost universe, to a fiction universe, to a field of ideas. Art can be in different signifiers audio like music, vocals, and verse forms. Visual as movie devising, picture taking and picture, they differ depending on creative person, manner and stuff used Audio humanistic disciplines are the most used type of art. They can be in the signifier of music, vocal or poesies. They help in loosen uping one ‘s head. Music is thought to associate all of the emotional and physical elements of the existence. Music can besides be used to alter individual ‘s temper, and has been found to do like physical responses in many people at the same time. Music besides has the ability to beef up or weaken emotions from a peculiar event such as a funeral. ( Stancato, 2009 ) Furthermore the vocal, which is another type of audio art, has physiological effects excessively. Try for one time to cognize what does successful and motivated people listen to, you will be amazed that they tend to particular type of vocals and music! You will ne’er happen a self-motivated individual who does non listen to actuating vocals. Although romantic individuals listen to particular type of vocals and music, they listen to classical and romantic 1s. Poetries a re besides a 3rd type of audio art. The writer verse form expresses his feeling in his Hagiographas. They are similar to composing vocals, and can be sung excessively. Both poesies and vocals depend on music to be sang, they need an creative person holding soft voice and the author ‘s head and write excessively. But music does n’t necessitate any of them. Music needs different musical instruments like piano, guitar and others. In add-on to different instrument, they come in different times. Ocular humanistic disciplines are popular art. They differ from the audio art.aa‚ ¬A? Artists topographic point images, signifiers, colourss, thoughts, down in such a manner that can be communicated with you the spectator. When you read the work it will function your apprehension in a battalion of vivacious ways. It will get down to do sense, in some instances a perverse sort of sense. An creative person will take you on a trip around his work. He will state you what to position and in what order. He will try to arouse a assortment of responses, even negative 1s. He will appeal to your sense of admiration. This graphics will and should inquire as many inquiries of both the mind and the emotions as it answers.aa‚ ¬A? ( simm ) . This is true of all art. In the ocular humanistic disciplines, picture, picture taking, movie devising, there is no replacement for looking. The assorted theories of Emotional Color will, normally all unknown to the spectator, play an progressiv ely of import function. What are these theories? Red for danger, black for decease and morbidity, in the western universe at least, are two of the most obvious. The Madonna ‘s hood in a spiritual picture is ever a certain blue. This was originally produced from a semi cherished rock called Lapis Lazuli before the coming of chemical pigment. The emotional facets of this should be obvious. Warm colourss, reds oranges, yellows appear to come towards the spectator and are on juncture welcoming. The cool colourss, blues, some leafy vegetables appear to withdraw. Atmospheric or aerial position is used by creative persons in this mode to arouse a feeling of distance or enormousness. Have you of all time considered why a certain type of music is called the blues? Or why colourss themselves are thought to sing? Why certain colour combinations are called Complimentary. ( These are the antonyms on the colour wheel, a primary with a secondary, Red and Green, Yellow and Purple, Blue and Or ange ) . ( simm ) Painting, picture taking and filmmaking differ in the instrument used and in the manner each is viewed. Painting is the craftsmans pulling utilizing his colourss, coppices and his broad idea. The craftsman ‘s pulling depends on his temper and on what type of colourss he likes more. Whereas picture taking is to capture astonishing images utilizing a particular instrument, the camera or the picture excessively. Film doing requires neither colourss nor camera. They need a narrative to be acted. Besides it needs the author and the histrion. Hence art is cosmopolitan, and is everyplace. Not merely art is for one who exercise a work art and like it. It is for everyone. Art is more of import so one can see. Without art one can non see any thing beautiful because art attention deficit disorder attractive force and beauty to any thing one can look at, even if he look at himself. Besides art reflects to us the temper and the feelings of the creative person so that if he ‘s happy he will make something astonish or funny, and if he is disquieted he will utilize to make things which would keep you to another universe of thinks. Some one said â€Å" Art is the lone manner to run off without go forthing place † . This quotation mark is particular and is the truth because when you feel disquieted what is the first thing you resort to? Certain it ‘s listening music, playing piano, dancing, pulling†¦ etc and others because you will non go forth place in a bad temper. All what you will make is a subdivision of art, because art is the best manner to experience that you are relaxed since it helps you to believe profoundly about your jobs. Besides art may assist you bury everything depressed you because your head will be as a winging bird, from tree to corner, seeking for a topographic point where he will experience safe from the dangers of life. So art is really of import because it translates one ‘s feelings and portions his emotions without upseting him, on the contrary it helps him experience better and bury every thing dejecting him. Another illustration is when a adult male see a beautiful adult female, he will run after her until she accepts to run into him or to give him her figure, but if he see an ugly miss, he will alter his manner because he acquire disgusted. So art is really of import in our life, because without art universe will be so fed up, down and bored. 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Toyota Supply Chain Management

Introduction Supply Chain Management is the management of activities (both up-stream and down-stream) involved in the production of goods and services for the ultimate consumption of the end-user. The management of these activities plays a very important role in the profitability and survival of an organization, to such an extent that its failure may mean the failure of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is especially true in the present competitive business environment. Toyota motor industry has realized the importance of efficiently managing its supply chain in order to keep its costs and prices low and ultimately remain competitive in the overall motor vehicle industry from experience. Toyota has achieved this so successfully that other organizations, even those outside the industry, have taken its measures and implemented them in their own production systems (Toyota, 2011). History and Background of Toyota Japanese known as Kiichiro Toyoda started Toyota in 1937. The company first landed in America in 1957. Seven years later, it was already competing with the domestic manufactures quite fairly. Toyota has since grown to become the leading carmaker in the world, ahead of other giants in the industry, for instance, General Motors. It has since started manufacturing plants in North American states such as Alabama, Indiana, Texas, Mississippi, Kentucky, California and West Virginia. Its growth has also seen the increase in the models of vehicles it produces for instance Prius, Corolla, Innova, landcruiser, Lexus, Camry, Fortuner and many more (Toyota, 2011). To say the least, Toyota has redefined the motor vehicle manufacturing industry through low cost production, numerous models and the spread of its activities around the globe. The Toyota Way/Toyota Production System has not only transformed the motor veh icle manufacturing industry but has been providing guidance on management issues for the past 5 decades or so. Other firms across all industries are increasingly adopting the principles provided in the Toyota Production System in their quest for managerial effectiveness and efficiency (Toyota, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Supply Chain in Toyota Toyota has a reputation world over for its unique Supply Chain Management system known as the Just-In-Time system or the Toyota Production System. Theirs is a method of obtaining raw materials at exact time of need and in exactly the amount required and producing finished products in exactly the right quantity. This helps to avoid overproduction. Selling them at the right time to the right customer minimizes waste. This method identified wastes that otherwise go unnoticed as waste. However, its impact to the cost of producti on is tremendous. They include; transportation, motion, wait, inventory, over production, over processing and defects. Its main goal involves avoiding these wastes. Kiichiro Toyoda first introduced this method and besides starting the Toyota Company, it is perhaps his greatest contribution. In addition to the JIT system, Toyota applies the V4L principles in managing its supply chain. The V4L principles include the following (Toyota, 2011). 1. Variety in the products developed in order to meet a wide range of market demand therefore ensuring that Toyota has a large market share. Variety also ensures that all the stakeholders (suppliers included) are involved to ensure that the information provided clearly depicts the needs of the market. As a result, Toyota is able to produce/manufacture vehicles that are suitable for use by different members of the population across the globe. This involvement of different stakeholders in the development of new products creates balance in the produc tion system by helping to avoid waste and consequently reduces the cost of production (Halldorsson et al. 2007). 2. Velocity of the production flow is another key principle. Toyota uses a rate-based approach in enhancing the speed of production. Along with high levels of automation, this approach enables Toyota to mass produce vehicles and is therefore able to deliver its products, according to demand.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Toyota also has established distribution channels structured around its numerous manufacturing plants all around the globe and therefore ensuring efficiency and effectiveness in the distribution of its automobiles (Burt, Petcavage and Pinkerton, 2010). 3. Toyota is also very keen when it comes to the variability of deliveries and orders. It seeks to reduce variability and consequently reduce supply cost. For instance, m ost of its vehicles spare parts. With this concept, the number of suppliers greatly reduces and the cost involved too. Visibility- this means that Toyota scientifically controls all processes to ensure that they are right and to enhance the process of learning from the processes (Burt, Petcavage and Pinkerton, 2010). Development of New Products Toyota is among the leading investors in research and development with their research and development budget being billions of dollars in North America alone per year. However, this is not the only avenue that Toyota relies on when it comes to developing new products. It relies heavily on the information that the various stakeholders collect from the market. With this information, Toyota is able to produce products that suit the diverse needs of its customers. Supply Chain Management ensures quality in new products development through supplying quality raw materials, employing superior material handling methods to avoid damage, acquiring the services of reliable suppliers and providing feedback to enhance production (Toyota, 2011). Purchase of Capital Equipment Toyota applies its lean system of Supply Chain Management in all its production area. Purchasing of capital equipment is amongst those areas. Toyota buys machines, plant and hires employees on a need-to basis.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This involves replacing the machines and hiring employees in a controlled manner to continue with optimum production immediately and at the same time avoid idle machines and labor. Toyota procures capital equipment mainly through tendering or using previous suppliers who have had a relationship with the company in the past. Outsourcing Outsourcing has become a trend in today’s business environment and Toyota is no exception of the firms that are increasingly outsourcing goods and services. It is not possible for the firm to produce every component that it requires in the production of its vehicles and even if it was possible to produce all this components it would be more expensive as it may mean having other all different plans and work set-ups (Halldorsson et al. 2007). Outsourcing also allows the firm to concentrate on the core business of the firm and hence giving the firm room to be more efficient and effective in doing its core business. It also allows the firm to gain access to higher-level expertise and experience. This may be unavailable within its staff or which is expensive to employ. Other benefits include legality of the process done on contractual basis, risk avoidance, tax benefit, commoditization and many more. An example of components that the firm outsources includes wheels and oil. Toyota, a multi-national company, gets its suppliers all over the word as long as they provide what the company requires and for a reasonable price in accordance with the firm’s intentions (Liker, 2004). Legal and Contract Issues Since Toyota is a multinational company, it has to be very carefully in the implications of the different legal climates on its activities. It also has to take caution so that its activities do not adversely affect any third party and the environment in which it operates. Therefore, Toyota exercises careful measure such as signing of contracts between the firm and its customers before effecting transactions and bearing losse s that may arise from the sale of erroneous vehicles. To this effect, Toyota has severally recalled defective vehicles for repair consequently incurring the costs involved in order to avoid lawsuits (Halldorsson et al. 2007). Toyota is also a heavy investor in the campaign on preserving the environment. It is in fact among the first automobile manufacturer to direct its efforts at manufacturing eco-friendly vehicles especially with the introduction of its Prius model. Moreover, it has a very strong legal department, which irons out any legal issues that the firm may face. In addition, all of its transactions with outside parties are on contractual basis. This helps to seal any legal loopholes that may arise. Production and Inventory Control Measures Toyota Production System requires great measure in controlling the inventory. This is because the firm operates at the least inventory level possible. If not well managed Toyota Production System could end achieving the exact opposite of what it was initially intended to achieve. This could be in form of very low inventory levels such that it leads to production paralysis. This could lead to delayed delivery of finished goods to customers and therefore loss of market share and goodwill and ultimately the risk of having to stop operating altogether. Therefore, Toyota employs Toyota Production System carefully so that the firm does not risk falling out of business. Moreover, the firm has to have trusted suppliers for it to implement the Toyota Production System successfully. This is because suppliers are an integral part of this type of supply chain in that they tend to interact with the firm on a more frequent basis unlike in other Supply Chain Management Systems (Toyota, 2011). Scheduling Scheduling involves deciding when to make a certain program and which staff and machines to use in the process of making the product. It is a very important function of a production process because it helps to reduce the costs of production and the time used in the production of a certain product. This process perfectly fits into the Toyota Production System as it seeks to eliminate waste of both time and costs same as the Toyota Production System. Toyota use both forward and backward scheduling, whereby it produce some vehicles based on the orders placed (backward scheduling) and others it produces based on resources availability (forward scheduling). This ensures that it delivers the vehicle ordered on time and at the most efficient cost possible and at the same time produce other vehicles such as new unknown models to cater for those customers who have not placed orders. However, with the increased demand for customization of vehicles and other goods for that matter, backward scheduling is better preferred to forward scheduling to achieve customer satisfaction (Halldorsson et al. 2007). Product scheduling helps to increase efficiency in the production process by saving both time and resources. It also hel ps achieve customer satisfaction and hence loyalty by helping to fulfill the firm’s delivery dates immediately, this helps the firm to maintain its market share. Proper scheduling also helps to keep inventory very low and as a result saves costs (Halldorsson et al. 2007). Demand Systems The Toyota Production System operates on the principles of pull demand systems. This is where the firm seeks to find out what the consumer wants and then goes ahead to produce based on that information. This is possible because of the fact that customers can place their orders and then wait for the manufacture of their vehicles. With the help of the internet and the efforts towards market research, Toyota has been able to operate in this type demand system to achieve its high sales. However, Toyota also employs the push system of demand especially when selling new models and selling to those customers who have not placed their orders. The pull system’s intention is to avoid overproducti on, which in itself is a waste. Inventory Functions and Analysis The Toyota Production System highly discourages keeping or holding any kind of inventory unless it is necessary to do so. Along with transportation, motion, overproduction, over processing, defect and wait, inventory is seen as capital outlays that has not borne any profit or return to the firm and for this reason its highly discourage. This system of production encourages the firm to keep minimal levels of inventory in order to avoid incurring inventory costs, which include keeping capital idle (Halldorsson et al. 2007). However, it is almost impossible for a firm to operate with zero levels of inventory. At one particular time the firm will require more resources than it can deplete in a day and it will therefore hold the extra even if it’s just overnight. Another time the firm will not complete it work on a product in one day and will therefore keep holding it until it has finished working on it. Normally whe n the firm has finished working on a product, the product does not go on sale immediately and as a result, the firm has to hold the product until it can sell it or send it to the distributors. The above examples show that holding inventory is sometimes necessary and important. In addition, the firm holds inventory to cushion itself against any unforeseen demand change and avoid missing new markets. Relationship between Supply, Demand, and Logistics in Toyota Part of the major roles of the Supply Chain Management Department is to be able to harmonize demand and supply of the products affecting the firm. In Toyota, it is not any different. The demand for vehicles has been rising exponentially over the past decades this has prompted Toyota to respond by increasing its supply of vehicles to the market. Toyota opened plants in countries all over the world. In some countries, the company opens multiple plants. This development has seen Toyota rise to become the leading automobile producer in the world. This is mainly because of its efforts to manufacture vehicles even for low-income earners in economies across the globe (Hanson et al. 2011). Logistics is the process of managing the flow of activities, goods and services that are involved in the production process. It involves transportation of the resources and people from one point to the other, holding and managing inventory, packaging and security. The Toyota Production System discourages any unnecessary transportation either within or outside the plants. Therefore, it seeks to design work lay outs that minimize the amount of movement while a product is being worked on. It has also built plants all over the globe nearer to the resources in order to avoid transporting the raw materials over long distances. This effort enables Toyota to keep its production costs at a very low level and with this in place; it is able to sell its vehicles at a reasonable lower price than most of its competitors (Hanson et al. 2011). Conclusion Toyota Production System has really revolutionized the Supply Chain Management of the whole world. It has led to companies avoiding waste, reducing the lead-time, improvements in quality assurance and greatly strengthened the relationships between firms, its suppliers and customers by providing an avenue for interactions. It has also helped reduce uncertainty as firms can now produce their products according to orders (Toyota, 2011). Strengths Toyota Production System has many benefits to the organization in which it is applied. Firstly, it strengthens the relationship between the organization and its suppliers as the suppliers are busily involved in the development of the vehicles. Secondly, it reduces waste (muda) involved in the production process, which may be in terms of inventory, motion, transportation et cetera. Thirdly, it ensures maximum utilization of the available resources such as maximum employment of machines to ensure optimum production and having employee s with multiple skills working at different sections of the production process allowing workers to work where they are required when they are required. Lastly, Toyota Production System allows regular supply over the production process, this allows for modification of the supplies to suit the demand. It is therefore easier to customize the vehicles to meet customer demands (Toyota, 2011). Weaknesses Toyota Production System advocates keeping very low or no inventory. This means that replenishing inventory should be continuous. However, uncertainty affects this process, which may lead to the interruption of the production process. In addition to the interruptions, the constant buying of inventory may see varying prices of the inventory due to variations of demand, which occur almost daily. It is also not possible to clearly ascertain what to order, in what quantity and when in all the processes of supply chain. This is because some products are not in Toyota’s control entirely. For instance, a farmer who deals with wheat cannot exactly determine the amount of wheat he is going to harvest in the next season because he depends on the rain to which he has no control. Moreover, demand is highly uncertain and companies have to keep some level of inventory in order to cushion themselves from unforeseen changes in demand. Even with the Toyota Production System, Toyota has to hold inventory to some level. For instance, Toyota’s iron or steel mining is not possible for any particular order specification. However, mining and storage for future use is possible (Liker, 2004). References Burt, D. N. Petcavage, S. D. Pinkerton, R. L. (2010). Supply Chain Management. London: Prentice Hall. Halldorsson, A. et al. (2007). Complementary Theories to Supply Chain Management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Volume 12(4): 284-296. Hanson, D. et al. (2011). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Southbank, Victoria: Cengage. Liker, J . (2004). The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufacturer. New York: Prentice Hall FT. Toyota. (2011). Toyota Company Website. Retrieved from https://www.toyota.com/ This essay on Toyota Supply Chain Management was written and submitted by user Kaiden I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Toyota Supply Chain Management Introduction Today, the Toyota Company has the best supply chain management framework many companies in the world use as a model and benchmark to implement their supply chain management practices. The best practices are based on Toyota’s supply chain management‘s lean thinking techniques.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Toyota Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rationale is efficiency and lean thinking to achieve effectiveness and customer satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to discover how Toyota’s supply chain management approach is implemented, the significance, and negative impact of the supply chain management practices. Toyota’s Supply chain management, Isn’t It Obvious It is obvious that the study raises questions on the meaning of supply chain management and how Toyota implements its supply chain management practices to position the c ompany in the market and be globally competitive. In answer to the questions, supply chain management, in the context of lean thinking, embodies techniques and strategies to improve the operational efficiency and effectiveness in the production, supply, and delivery of products and services to the customers (Ohno, 1988, p.3). Toyota operates on a global scale based on the concept of lean thinking in the steady stream of activities that contribute to the company’s supply chain management processes to optimize the production and delivery of vehicles to the global market (Huntzinger, 2002, p.23). In answer to â€Å"how† Toyota does the supply chain management, it is critical to note here that Toyota’s company executives have all the secrets about the lean thinking techniques the company employs in its supply chain management. The key words â€Å"lean thinking† underlies the efficiency that defines Toyota’s supply chain management framework. Flow syste m Flow is a concept underlying Toyota operational efficiency and success. Here, the company ensures that any point in the production and supply chain framework that hinders any process is removed from the entire system (Drogosz, 2002, p.4). The underlying model is to ensure that the production of different models of vehicles, the supply of materials required for the production of vehicles and the components needed proceed uninterrupted. In this case, a one-piece-at-a-time production process is facilitated creating a lean manufacturing and supply chain environment (Liker, 2004, p.4).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The way Toyota implements its supply chain management strategies is by facilitating the behavior and principles which facilitate production focused on long term results and not on short term gains (Drogosz, 2002, p.5). From the perspective of Toyota’s s upply management framework, the flow concept forms the basis for the company’s success and enables the company to eliminate losses from the large inventory of unused equipment, products, and labor (Huntzinger, 2002, p.21). In addition, the company’s cost per piece production system works by assigning specialized tasks to qualified employees and provides a separation of duties and responsibilities within the company framework, which contributes to the success of the company. In this case, the products are made in quantities that are in demand. The benefits include short lead times and the making of specific products to address specific needs of the customer. To be lean, Toyota uses a tool that requires each employee’s commitment in eliminating wastes that leads to errors, injuries, and defects. In addition, the necessary training, knowledge, and motivation are provided to workers by improving the workplace environment (Drogosz, 2002, p.4). The key elements in thi s approach are management commitment, appropriate training and development, and inculcation of organizational culture that supports the top management commitment and involvement to continuous improvements. In each case, problems could are brought to the surface and solutions to address the problems formulated on time. Pulling from the customer On the other hand, the concept of pulling from the back of the customer is a crucial component in Toyota’s supply chain management strategy. All the lean activities are integrated into the system where products are supplied according to the current need and use. Typically, the products are delivered in the right quantities and at the right time to the right destination. The logistics is crucial because it reduces the lead time and costs (Drogosz, 2002, p.4). A question on the strategy the company uses to implement the pull from the back approach occurs. The answer is obvious. The underlying principle is the just-in-time (JIT). The princ iple provides the basis for material replenishment, minimal effort and warehousing inventory, based on what is taken by the customer to make small replenishments and ensuring responsibility in the day-to-day changes in the demand for products. The solution is to integrate computerized information systems for inventory processing purposes (Huntzinger, 2002, p.22). The pull concept is crucial in the entire supply chain management process because the entire workforce uses stable and repeatable methods to ensure regular output, predictability, and timing which form the foundation of the pull and flow concept (Drogosz, 2002, p.5).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Toyota Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The question arises then, how is the lean concept realized in the supply chain of the company in the context of the pull and flow approaches? The answer is that the lean concept becomes a su ccess by ensuring that wastes are eliminated in each phase of the supply chain cycle. The company ensures that employees and the entire supply chain system is not overburdened (Huntzinger, 2002, p.17). All production and supply chain schedules are evenly distributed to minimize unnecessary burden on the system so that the work is evenly leveled. Talk time Talk time is one of the concepts that are the foundation of Toyota’s lean concept in the supply chain management exemplified in the way the management talk about the need to eliminate waste. The management ensures non-value adding activities are avoided to eliminate wastes to reduce lead time, excess inventory, and other delays. It enables the company to avoid overburdening people and machinery which leads to quality and safety problems. The people are encouraged to talk with qualified and trained group leaders on the problems and challenges encountered and possible solutions to the problems. Significance of supply chain man agement One can learn the significance of supply chain management from the above discussion and the way Toyota undertakes the supply chain management process embedded in the lean thinking strategy. Supply chain is critical in the total management of each of the phases involved in the supply chain to eliminate wastes and ensure effectiveness and efficiency (Huntzinger, 2002, p.12). In addition, supply chain is important because the management is able to identify and align effective inventory management, inbound transportation, material handling, warehousing, and transportation service procurement based on Toyota’s supply management lean thinking strategy (Huntzinger, 2002, p.5). Toyota, through an effective supply chain strategy embedded in the company’s lean thinking concept has made the company grow in its revenue base (Bolles, 2003, p.3).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the company has experienced effective asset utilization, effective cost management and controls, and enhance customer product and service delivery. As discussed above, Toyota’s growth is strongly correlated to its supply chain management because perfect orders are given for the right market, with after sales services easily within reach of the customer (Huntzinger, 2002, p.7). In addition, reduced inventory as stated above leads to working capital reductions where delays in the delivery of products and services are minimal or lacking completely. Investigations show that Toyota’s supply chain management strategy leads to fixed capital efficiency by optimizing the supply network leading to a global tax minimization and cost minimization. However, the negative side of supply chain management exists (Huntzinger, 2002, p.5). Negative impact Studies show the negative impacts include the risks resulting from the macro economic trends which have the possibility of magnifying the problems that arise because of the complex nature of the supply chain methods (Bolles, 2003, p.3). In addition, other problems include margin erosion and changes in consumer behavior and sudden changes in demand, which makes the supply chain management worse, and the lack of new technologies to absorb the sudden changes (Bolles, 2003, p.3). Conclusion In conclusion, Toyota’s supply chain management is embodied in the lean manufacturing concept developed by the company for efficiency and effective delivery of products to the market. The significance of Toyota’s supply chain management is valuable and acts as a tool for efficiency and effectiveness in product and service delivery. The key pillar of the effectiveness of Toyota’s supply chain management is the lean thinking concept which has many benefits despite the negative impact of the supply chain management. References Bolles, R. N. (2003). What Color Is Your Parachute? A Practical Manual for J ob –  Hunters and Career-Changers. Revised edition. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. Drogosz, J. D. (2002). Applying Lean above the Factory Floor. Journal of Ship  Production, 18 (3), 159-166. Huntzinger, J. (2002). The Roots of Lean: Training Within Industry: The Origin of  Kaizen. Target, 18 (1), 1-20. Liker, J. K. (2004). The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s  Greatest Manufacturer. New York: McGraw-Hill Ohno, T. (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Portland, OR: Productivity Press. This term paper on Toyota Supply Chain Management was written and submitted by user Remy Blankenship to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.